Decisions together to make our performance stronger Essay

The ‘development’ process in drama is where as an actor or director a person looks, in depth, at the meaning of the plot, the feelings created by this and the stage directions and uses or implements these in his or her own dictation of the scene to his or her own taste and liking. Development can also be achieved in groups where, as diplomacy, we can decide on which aspects of the script we wish to implement and which stage directions we also wish to implement or create so as to better perform a section, or whole, of a play in the surroundings and set provided. In this case I developed my section of the script (pages 70-71) in a group of two, where we made choices and decisions together to make our performance stronger and to make the performance work and flow more easily. Shortly after we began to rehearse, we decided that it would be better if the actor playing ‘Mickey’ in the section, which was myself, began the scene sitting, so that we could add levels into the performance and so that the mood of Mickey and the entire scene came across as a contrast between the joy of Edward and the depression of Mickey. Another reason we chose to add levels to the performance (from the beginning) was so that we could show the difference in class between Mickey and Edward. We had no costumes so we were forced to show the upset and depression of Mickey purely with expressions and in posture and position. Where as, we had to show the happiness and excitement from Edward, which was far more easy to procure, in the way he moved around the stage quickly and also in happy expressions and in innocence (e. g. when Edward asked questions he needed to not understand Mickey, to not realise how he was feeling and so he needed to be very upbeat and confused). Another factor which came into our minds when rehearsing the section was the time of day we believed the section to have been set in and in this our opinions differed. My partner believed that the section happened in the day, with snow falling from the trees, creating a beautiful picture in the viewer’s mind which would have been spoiled by the upset of Mickey. However, I believed that the section would have taken place at night. The air would have been dark and smelt of gas and the area around Mickey would have been run-down and ‘worn-out’ so to speak. This would have, in my opinion, made Mickey’s story of unwork seem more plausible to the audience as they would have been able to feel the depression and coldness in the atmosphere. Unfortunately, being limited to the use of only lighting and minimal props we had to settle with the idea of dimmed lighting to show the depression, darkness and resentment in the atmosphere. As I mentioned before we decided to show the difference in moods between the characters in the section (Edward and Mickey) by their movements and actions and the speed of these. We chose to portray Mickey as a slow and upset figure, and this was because we saw that he was upset and depressed by not being in work and also, was jealous of Edward’s life at university and the money he had. We hoped that, by making Mickey slow and angry we could show how he felt inside to the audience without having to describe what had happened to him beforehand. On the other hand, we needed to show the excitement and happiness of Edward so as to give a full portrayal of the section. We decided that large amounts of fast movement was the best way to show how happy Edward was, when entering the scene, to see Mickey. Movement on stage (from one side to the other), coupled with various hand motions was also the way we decided to portray the excitement of Edward in the section. This said we had to remember that Edward didn’t need to move too much because this would make him look nervous or as if the actor playing him was his or herself nervous. Bearing this in mind we decided to make Edward move in his lines from one side of Mickey to the other, at the beginning of the section. As the section progressed we needed to show how the atmosphere and moods of the characters changed as they confronted one another and we decided to do this by slowing the movements of Edward and changing his actions and expressions to a more uneasy mood and also to change the mood of Mickey so that he was even more angry as Edward revealed the wonderful time he had been enjoying whilst he was away. For example, when Edward says the line: ‘Mickey, it’s fantastic. I haven’t been to so many parties in my life. And there’s just so many tremendous people, but you’ll meet them Mick, some of them, Baz, Ronnie and Clare and oh, lots of them. They’re coming over to stay for the New Year, for the party. Ooh it’s just . . . it’s great, Mickey. ‘ we decided that he should become happier and more excited and move more as the line goes on but that Mickey shouldn’t look at him but that he should become more and more angry in his expressions. Climaxing in perhaps hitting his leg or some other action to show frustration. Also, we decided that as Edward asks more and more questions Mickey should become more and more annoyed and that his speech should become more and more strained as if he is trying to withhold his anger but still remain seated. This is until the line: ‘You. You’re a dick head! ‘ where we believe that Mickey should stand and shout the line to contrast from the rest of his speech and to show his anger at Edward in full, for the first time. We decided that, in Edward’s next speech he should still sound innocent and speak as if he knows everything about being poor and face the audience, sounding proud and sure of himself. Whilst this happens Mickey would become more and more annoyed at him but now speak more calmly, as if he has regained control of his rage. As the section concludes I think that Mickey should perhaps ‘mock’ Edward for ‘still being a kid’ etc. And this would show how he has changed, to contrast from how he was Edward’s best friend. Mickey should talk as if disgusted at Edward but remaining calm and envious of him. Oppositely, Edward, as the scene concludes, should turn from being innocent and confused to turn and be on the verge of anger. The line: ‘I’m exactly the same age as you, Mickey’ should be portrayed with a slight hint of anger towards Mickey from Edward. However, after this, Edward should become calm again and then change, as Mickey announces his last line, so that he seems upset and on the verge of tears. In the last line, Mickey should begin facing Edward but as the line moves on he should turn to face away from him, half to the audience, half to the other side of the stage and Edward should stare at his back so that we can see the expressions they expose. Both should be upset, Mickey should sound harsh but actually be upset about what he is saying and Edward should just be upset so the audience can see the brothers, separated and see them upset. In the pause, both of the characters should remain still, Edward staring at Mickey and Mickey staring at the audience. Then, as the pause ends, Mickey should turn to face Edward and shout the final line: ‘Go on . . . beat it before I hit y† and, at this point, there should be another pause. After this Edward would slowly back away and Mickey should turn again to face the audience. Both characters should have expressions of upset on their faces to show how the mood of the scene has changed. So that the audience can feel the upset and the separation of the brothers, the lights should fade so that a spot is left on each brother. This would not only portray the mood but would show how the brothers feel inside without each other.

The Borneo Rainforest

The Borneo Rainforest is located in Borneo which is the third largest island in the world and is located north of Java, Indonesia, at the geographic centre of Maritime Southeast Asia. The Rainforest is 130 million years old, which makes it the oldest rainforest in the world. The Borneo rainforest is one of the only remaining natural habitats for the endangered Bornean Orangutan. It is an important refuge for many endemic forest species, including the Asian Elephant, the Sumatran Rhinoceros, the Bornean Clouded Leopard, the Hose's Civet and the Dayak Fruit Bat.The Borneo lowland rain forests cover most of the island, with an area of 427,500 square kilometers. The Borneo mountain rainforests lie in the central highlands of the island, above the 1,000 meters elevation. There are species of birds found in the forest and 13 mammals. Tourism is also a popular thing in the Rainforest, with resorts and tours available. In the 1980s and 1990s Borneo underwent a remarkable transition. Its fore sts were levelled at a rate unparalleled in human history.Borneo's rainforests went to industrialized countries like Japan and the United States in the form of garden furniture, paper pulp and chopsticks. Initially most of the timber was taken from the Malaysian part of the island in the northern states of Sabah and Sarawak. Later forests in the southern part of Borneo, an area belonging to Indonesia and known as Kalimantan, became the primary source for tropical timber. Today the forests of Borneo are but a shadow of those of legend and those that remain are highly threatened by the emerging biofuels market, specifically, oil palm.Oil palm is the most productive oil seed in the world. A single hectare of oil palm may yield 5,000 kilograms of crude oil, or nearly 6,000 liters of crude, making the crop remarkably profitable when grown in large plantations, one study that looked at 10,000 hectare-plantations suggests an internal rate of return of 26 percent annually. As such, vast swa thes of land are being converted for oil palm plantations. Oil palm cultivation has expanded in Indonesia from 600,000 hectares in 1985 to more than 6 million hectares by early 2007, and was expected to reach 10 million hectares by 2010.Despite this outlook, there has recently been some positive conservation news out of Borneo. In February 2007, the governments of Brunei, Malaysia, and Indonesia agreed to protect roughly 220,000 square kilometers of tropical forest in the so-called â€Å"Heart of Borneo†. Environmental group WWF was particularly active in the establishment of the protected area. WWF says there are four big threats to Borneo's forests: land conversion, illegal logging, poor forest management, and forest fires.It adds that large-scale industrial projects (roads, and hydroelectric projects like the Bakun dam) and hunting are also threats, but to a lesser degree. A further issue is the climate of corruption, which permeates virtually all levels of government in K alimantan. Forestry decisions are now made at the district level, where officials are said to be sometimes easily swayed by money. A strategically gifted motorbike can often win influence at the village level. A fundamental problem is that development in Borneo is driven by extractive industries at present there are few economic alternatives.These industries are rarely sustainable, especially when little is invested in long-term management of resources. The causes of deforestation in Borneo are not complex; the solutions are. After large-scale deforestation in the lowlands and the importation of millions of people through poorly-executed transmigration programs, there are few economic options in most of Borneo. Having lost jobs in the forestry sector, many villages are faced with having to decide whether to give up the remaining forest for oil palm or continue with subsistence living.Oil palm plantations certainly offer economic potential, especially when they are planted on already deforested and degraded lands, but it makes little sense to establish them on increasingly scare areas of natural forest. Social safeguards are also required to ensure labour abuse and sharecropping schemes are avoided. The Roundtable on Sustainable Palm Oil (RSPO) is one initiative working on equitable and sustainable palm oil production. Conservation is also an urgent priority in Borneo, especially in biologically diverse regions that have so far escaped the ravages of intensive logging and fires.The recent â€Å"Heart of Borneo† initiative is a shining example of what's possible. However, it is absolutely critical that once protected areas are established, they are maintained. The history of â€Å"protected areas† in Kalimantan where large percentages of supposedly protected area was logged and distributed for development is disheartening, but now is the time to move beyond this and plan for a future where conserved areas are actually protected and sustainable use of buffer zones is maximized. ——————————————- [ 1 ]. Borneo, 2012, accessed on 12/10/2012 at http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Borneo [ 2 ]. Wildlife of Borneo, 2011, accessed on 12/10/2012 at http://www. mongabay. com/borneo/borneo_wildlife. html [ 3 ]. Borneo forest, 2011, accessed on the 16/10/12 at http://www. google. com. au/url? sa=t&rct=j&q=&esrc=s&frm=1&source=web&cd=3&ved=0CC8QFjAC&url=http%3A%2F%2Fwww. wired. com%2Fnews%2Fculture%2F0%2C1284%2C62252%2C00. tml&ei=6sl_UMumLvCTiQemroFA&usg=AFQjCNE5UyM5Tg7VfoCUxhW1_RLCwwZwHg&sig2=tOBloXyugLND1LNqqDiz_A [ 4 ]. WWF, 2012, accessed on the 17/10/12 at http://wwf. panda. org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/ [ 5 ]. WWF BORNEO, 2012, accessed on the 17/10/ 2012 http://wwf. panda. org/what_we_do/where_we_work/borneo_forests/ [ 6 ]. WWF, 2012, accessed on the 17/10/12 at http://wwf. panda. org/what_we_do [ 7 ]. Deforestation in Borneo, 2012 , accessed on the 17/10/2012 at http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Deforestation_in_Borneo

Heart of Change Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Heart of Change - Research Paper Example All these transformations often require change in order to serve the customers in the most efficient manner. From American Competitiveness (2012), change is not easy to accomplish by managers in the organizations, as most companies believe that change is making people think differently. They more often base their ideas on idealistic, unseen promises of reward that makes it difficult in moving people into action. People often resist change because the risk of change might be seen to be greater than the risk to remain in the same position they were as before. Making people change requires them to have faith that enables them to believe in unseen promises or developments in the company. Moreover, other people resist change because they often want to be associated with people and companies who are identified with the old way. Humans live as social species and always wish to be connected with the people or companies they are familiar with. In addition to the above the employees of compani es fear change because reformers might have hidden agendas that may make them lose their jobs (Schuler 2003). Therefore, change requires competent managers who have to make people feel differently than changing their thoughts. Change therefore would be effective if it makes those to be changed see and feel the change. Companies should be heart centered rather than being mind when effecting change. Thus, winning people’s commitment to change requires managers to engage people emotionally and rationally. Companies do not well understand that emotional change goes a long way to making their workers accept the new ways of doing things in their offices. However, failure to listen to and respond to workers’ rational objections and their beliefs by organizations is a show of disrespect to them and making assumptions that the workers will be aware the importance innovative change would have to them (Costello 2012). By following the right procedure in effecting changes in an or ganization often boosts the morale of employees who feel that their culture is also taken care of. Forcing people to adopt certain changes is a show of lack of respect and the company would not achieve her goals by so doing. He continues to assert that managers and organizations often make mistakes in attempting to make changes. It is true that a few only companies manage in effecting change successfully unlike what happens in other organizations. Poor knowledge of how change should be done often leads to the loss of big sums of money by organizations may cause lots of pain and headache in trying to make workers believe the effectiveness of the change. With regard to this, there are steps that must be followed in trying to effect change. The first is the establishment of the need for change in the organization. As one who is articulating for reforms, the need to make the management and organization trust the need for any change is vital. Through this, the reformer gains enough coope ration. Should this be impossible, the team players would be dissatisfied and would lack a feeling of contentment for the change process. Knowing what complacency implies and coming up with proper strategies to overcoming complacency go hand in hand in establishing a sense of urgency amongst the team players. Next is the establishment of the right members in the team. Members who understand what it takes to bring about change. The members must have the

Is Venezuela a Rentier State Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Is Venezuela a Rentier State - Essay Example The question of whether Venezuela derives significant portions of its economy from oil is without a doubt true; Corrales (2006) even characterized President Hugo Chavez as one of the world’s most powerful CEOs, in regards to his sale of oil to the United States. The Venezuelan government can also be seen to embody Rentier characteristics: Chavez has been successful in centralizing power through an elimination of intermediary government structures; he has allowed rampant crime to persist; and has allowed highly questionable election processes. While these actions can be seen to be highly indicative of a populace that ceases to intervene because of an abundance of oil money and reduced taxes, the reality of the situation is more complex. Indeed, it’s been argued that rather than Venezuela’s political structure being allowed by the citizens out of apathy in the face of reduced taxes, it has occurred because of a systematic effort on the part of Chavez to scare the c itizens into submissions and acceptance of more lax governmental standards. Corrales (pg. 9, 2006) compares this mentality to the philosophy of Thomas Hobbes, â€Å"The more insecurity that citizens face—the closer they come to living in the brutish state of nature—the more they will welcome state power.† In this regard, it’s not the oil money that has influenced the populace, but the calculated manipulations on the part of Chavez and his regime that have trained the population into acceptance. When investigating the plausibility of democracy surviving in situations outside the United States, one must agree on what democracy means. If it is the communal rule of society through group consensus, as embodied in elected officials, protests, and free speech than Democratic rule is not only an element of Americanness, but a lynchpin of much of the European Union, as well as Australia, Israel, and Canada.

Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1250 words

Atlas Shrugged by Ayn Rand - Essay Example Humankind’s escape from the state of spiritual and eternal bliss to the mad quest for mundane obsession has repeatedly emerged as one of the favorite themes of discussion and criticism for literary artists in different times, although such process received different forms of literary manifestations. Ayn Rand’s Atlas Shrugged is one of the greatest literary pieces deals with the same theme and during the course of reflecting over different aspects of modern existence it has provided considerable focus over different aspects of human life, starting from gender, spiritual, physical and philosophical discourses. The theme of â€Å"individualism and collectivism †¦ manifested within the individual’s soul† (Sciabarra 114) has recurred among Ayn Rand’s literary works at different points of time; however, in the Atlas Shrugged her mastery to treat the same theme has reached culmination as she has been able to fuse both literary techniques and philosoph ical arguments to their perfectly measured respective proportions. The storyline of Atlas Shrugged provides a reader with an interesting mode of characterization, and the main reason behind such characterization can be the author’s conscious effort to portray the characters as perfect representatives of the modern world of capitalist observation both towards life, society and social duties or commitments. Presence of the capitalist socio-economic discourse at the heart of the novel plays a very important role in the context of orienting the nature of characters and parts that they have played in contributing to the ongoing course of the story. On one hand, the author has narrated tale of a society, where immorality and extreme selfishness gnawed the foundation of morality and fellowship; on the other, suffering of individuals, their emotional tenderness and their spiritual and emotional suffocation within an extremely inhuman situation clearly indicate that every time the entire social system will

1000 word - Written Review Sociology subject PART 2 Essay

1000 word - Written Review Sociology subject PART 2 - Essay Example She prophetically prefaces her article with the questions â€Å"What is the use of friendships in our lives?† and â€Å"What does it gives us?† hinting at the thrust of her entire article. She outlines in this article the gains that friendship can offer a person in terms of moral growth by taking advantage of the vicarious experience that the other person can give when she trustfully shares not only her life experiences but how such life experiences impact on her. In suggesting this approach, Friedman relegates friendship to a motive-based venture which purports to offer commitment to gain trust from the other for the end purpose of using that person’s experiences for ‘self-advancement.’ Consistently employing only the feminine pronouns through her article, Friedman properly characterizes friendship as a relationship based on approximate equality. She explains that approximate equality does not refer to values that are quantifiable like similarity in age or educational attainment but rather on personalities, attitudes and the like. Since there will always be inequality in certain respects, friendship must involve a balancing act to arrive at the ‘approximate equality’ status. The balancing involves finding aspects or traits in the other which can fill the gap left by the superiority of a party in one aspect, otherwise a mentor-student kind of relationship, rather than a genuine friendship will ensue. For example, if one of the parties to a friendship is economically superior to the other, this must be balanced by a trait or character which the other has comparative superiority like a higher educational attainment. Another important characteristic of friendship, according to Friedman, is commitment. Commitment is not based on some abstract standard but must be person-based. A connection must be established with the person and that person’s peculiar needs, wants, attitude and personality. Friedman states that commitment consists of the

Transformational Leadership Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2250 words

Transformational Leadership - Essay Example As the study stresses organizational culture is the basic pattern of shared assumptions, values and beliefs considered to be the correct way of thinking about and acting on the problems and opportunities facing the organizations. It defines what is important and unimportant for the company. You may think of it as an organization’s DNA—invisible to the naked eye, yet a powerful template that shapes what happens in the workplace. According to the report findings an organization’s cultural beliefs and values are somewhat easier to decipher than assumptions because people are aware of them. Beliefs represent the individual’s perceptions of reality. Values are more stable, long-lasting beliefs about what is important. They help us define what is right and wrong, or good or bad in the world. Although theorists acknowledge that leadership occurs at all levels of the organization and that the impact of all leaders contributes to organizational performance, a fascination has always existed with the larger-than-life, earth-shaking leaders who do more than transact the mundane concerns of everyday activity. These are the leaders who foment revolutions in politics or commerce and divert the streams of history. Despite the glamour of heroic leadership and the long-standing interest of social philosophers in the subject, the scientific literature largely ignored the topic until quite recently. Research expl ained the dearth of research by pointing to three problems inherent in this area of study.

Case Study Assignment Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Case Study Assignment - Essay Example nt that would justify entering the China market would put to rest any counterarguments and indicate that Google’s move was still consistent with their unofficial company motto: â€Å"Don’t Be Evil†. Google could address the arguments that entry into the China market and abiding with the government’s law for censorship is the only logical, viable, and ethical solution for providing services to the China market and allowing access to the Google search engine, as against totally preventing their entry. Google could justify that among a magnanimous amount of information that could be accessed, only a few controversial issues where explicitly identified by Chinese government and they do justice to the government and to their Chinese clientele through abiding by these regulations. B. Being silent is another strategy that would still indicate that Google does not need to explain their entry into the China market since obviously, the organization has made every possible cost-benefit analysis and justifications that led to the decision. By being silent, Google affirms conformity to the same corporate mantra and as long as they do not violate any international law, the organization adheres to ethical, moral and legal standards. The focus is to advertise their focus on serving the global market to indicate that they are more concerned of unifying the world, than, being contributory to restrictive access. Actually, they could issue a public statement to justify their entry to the China market and at the same time design a promotional campaign that Google focuses on serving the global market by addressing the distinct needs and requirements of varied

Psychological perspectives for Health and social care Assignment

Psychological perspectives for Health and social care - Assignment Example Furthermore, there are various psychological approaches to health and social care practices that one can adopt in order to improve psychological development (Moonie 2005; Brotherton & Parker 2008).The behaviourist perspective implies that changes in behaviour are caused by learning from external factors such as rewards and punishments. According to the work of popular behaviourists, Pavlov and Skinner, one learns from the consequences of ones actions; these actions are connected with the satisfaction (reward) or displeasure (punishment) that follows them, taking into consideration life experiences, genetics, individual progress and much more. The cognitive perspective is more about an individual’s thinking process, opinions, motivation and beliefs having an impact on behaviour. This inspires individuals to take responsibility for their own health and modify abnormal feelings and thoughts. Social learning is probably the commonest perspective; it is impossible for one to exist in a group, culture or society without conforming due to the social influence; an example of this would be smoking cigarettes because ‘all the cool kids do it’. The biological perspective states that behaviour is confirmed by genes, or rather the physical structure and function of the brain as it directs our behaviour; for instance excessive eating (which can lead to obesity).

Comparing the Last Song and Dear John Essay Example for Free

Comparing the Last Song and Dear John Essay Comparing Movies The last 2 movies I saw were The Last Song and Dear John. Considering both of these movies are sappy Nicholas Sparks books, they have a ton of similarities. They also have some differences. I saw both of these movies more than 4 months ago so I hope I can even remember enough to compare them. One similarity is about 2 people that meet in a beach setting. In The Last Song, Ronnie, who is played by Miley Cyrus and is the main character, is shipped to her fathers house in Tybee Beach, Georgia, with her mothers hopes of her losing her bad attitude due to her arents rough divorce. While she is staying there, she meets a boy named Will who she tries to repel, but she ends up falling for him. In Dear John, which is also set in North Carolina, John, who is played by Channing Tatum, is visiting his father before he goes off to the army and Savannah, who is played by Amanda Seyfried, is going to school in North Carolina spends a month in Wilmington to built a house for Habitat for Humanity. These two also meet on the beach and fall in love. Another similarity is that death happens in both of these plots. In The Last Song, Ronnies dad had been aced with a battle with cancer and in the end of the story, he lost it. Leaving behind an ex wife, a changed-for-the-better daughter, and a young, very sensitive son. In Dear John, Johns dad had been suffering from having many heart attacks and eventually died. One last similarity is how the couples in both movies fall in love over a short period of time. In The Last Song, Ronnie tries to resist Will but she falls for him anyway over about a 2 week period. In Dear John, Savannah and John meet when Savannahs purse falls into the water and John goes to retrieve it. There were sparks there from the start. They also fell in love over a 2 week period. One of the most famous lines in that movie is said by Savannah and sounds like, Two weeks together, thats all it took. Two weeks for me to fall for you. There are also many differences in these movies. One, is that in The Last Song, Ronnie and Will end up together but in Dear John, Savannah marries a man who is dying and John sells his fathers prized coin collection to get money for his treatment but Savannah still loves John as much as she did. Another difference is in Dear John, the guy in the relationship goes away and leaves the girl. That doesnt happen in The Last Song ecause Will stays around and continues to date Ronnie. One last difference between these two movies is that the girls in both plots feel completely different towards the guys in the beginning. In Dear John, it was basically love at first sight. Savannah was attracted to John from the start. In The Last Song, Ronnie didnt like Will and tried to stay away from him. Both of these movies were based on books written by the same author so it was rather easy to find similarities. The plots of these movies are different but also have some of the same aspects. Comparing the Last Song and Dear John By lucilleparr

Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers Theories Comparison

Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers Theories Comparison Introduction This essay reviews the main beliefs of four psychological thinkers, Freud and Klein, Jung, and Rogers, and one psychological approach, Transpersonal Psychology. In each case I outline the theory, also noting points of agreement and disagreement between them, sometimes drawing on my own experience. Each theory is reviewed under the following headings: Main ideas Work of and with the therapist Similarities and differences with other views Following the discussion of each theory, I offer some concluding remarks. Freud and Klein’s psychoanalysis Sigmund Freud was born in Moravia in 1856, and died in England in 1939. His primary training was medical and scientific, and he consistently maintained that his theory was to be understood as a scientific one. Among the most important scientific influences on his work came from the principle of the conservation of energy in physics. According to Helmholz the total quantity of energy in a system is constant – unless new energy is added, or energy is lost, the existing quantity can only change in form and distribution. Freud’s initial creative insight can be regarded as supposing that human psychology can be understood as an energy system. This enabled him to offer an explanatory account of the behaviour of neurotic people in terms of the causes of their behaviour, instead of supposing that this behaviour was mysterious, random or inexplicable (Brown 1961, p2-3; Thornton 2006). Melanie Klein was born in Vienna in 1882 (making her a generation younger than Freud) and died in London in 1960. Klein was a pioneer in applying psychoanalytic techniques to children, maintaining that play behaviour could provide the same sort of data as free association, and also argued (an idea that Freud came to accept) that people were also driven towards death, or the ending of life, as well as to the preservation of life (Brown 1961, p71f). Freud revised and modified his ideas repeatedly during his long career. It would take more space than this whole essay to review the changes, and I have other thinkers and approaches to discuss. In the following sub-section I outline some of the central commitments of Freud as they remain influential in practice today, making (for reasons of space) only limited reference to Klein. Main ideas Following Brown (1961) the following are the main components of Freud’s views: (1) Psychic determinism: Freud was inspired by the principle of conservation of energy in physics, and maintained that human psychology was an energy system. What this meant specifically was that behaviours that had previously been regarded as accidental or meaningless (including dreams, tics, yawning, paralyses and slips of the tongue) could be seen as possible symptoms: the psychoanalytic observer could seek to interpret them as symptoms on the hypothesis that they represented energy that might not have been ‘allowed’ to itself themselves directly. (2) The role of the unconscious: The symptomatic individual is typically unaware of the causes of her or his symptoms, and this is partly because they are not the sort of things that the subject wants to acknowledge. The thought of a desired outcome or action is ‘repressed’ because it is not acceptable, but the energy associated with it has to go somewhere (see (1) above) and so is substituted for something else with a non-obvious relationship. (If it was obvious, and so obvious to the patient, it wouldn’t successfully be repressed.) Work is required to make the processes apparent, and to determine what to do about them. (3) Goal-oriented nature of behaviour: All behaviour is for something, and repressed wishes cannot generally be released in ways irrelevant to the target desire. This is part of why symptoms can be informative. Freud describes a woman who had been disgusted by a person allowing a dog to drink from a glass, but refused to express the disgust because it would have been rude and had become unable to drink water from glasses herself. This refusal was, he claims, uncovered as a symptom by following up on her muttering about her â€Å"lady friend† during free-association under hypnosis, where the ‘forgotten’ episode was recalled, and after this the symptom disappeared (1962, p 36). (4) The developmental or historical approach: There is a characteristic cycle to human psychological development, closely associated with sexuality. ‘Sex’ here is understood widely, to include the full range of pleasurable sensation over various regions of the body. Freud maintained that ordinarily people went through a series of ‘stages’, the first three broadly associated with a region of the body: oral (first 18 months), then anal (18 months to 3 years), then phallic (ages 3 to 6 years), and a ‘latency’ period during which ‘pregenital desires were largely repressed’ (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p35). Finally during adolescence a ‘genital’ stage begins. Each of these stages involves various kinds of conflict (over access to the breast, toilet training, etc.) and these formative conflicts are, according to Freud, often the basis of later neurosis. Also we face an ongoing conflict between our instincts (for pleasure an d life, but also for aggressive conflict and death) and the demands of social and institutional living, which begin in the family. This conflict between ‘libido’ and ‘reality’ is a major source of repression, but makes individuals unlikely to know why they are behaving as they are. The ‘normal’ or ‘healthy’ individual is not immune to the conflict (being so, for Freud, would require abandoning civilisation, or lacking the instincts) but is more flexible and fluent at handling the conflict, more aware of what she or he is doing when denying an instinctual urge, and better able to participate in determining how restrained urges can be substituted or managed without repression. Klein (Fordham 1995, p47f), as noted, pioneered the application of analytic techniques with small children, partly by observing their play behaviour, and partly through discussion.[1] Fordham describes one of her case studies, of a child called Richard, during the second world war. Richard was ten years old at the time. Klein interprets his conflicting responses to parents (e.g. a castration anxiety related to being lied to about a circumcision procedure – Fordham 1995, p51) and his construction of an account of the insides of people’s bodies, including his own, and that of his parents, especially that of his mother prior to his birth. Work of and with the therapist The Freudian analyst helps partly by listening, or simply by being there while the patient free-associates and works through the things she or he says during the process. In Freud’s view this process could enable the unconscious to be brought to consciousness, and patients come to understand how it is that they partly resist abandoning their symptoms (because they’re goal-oriented, even if non-optimal). The hope is that the unsymptomatic individual will be better able to satisfy her or his ‘drives’. The analyst does more than simply listen, of course, and her or his questioning and participation uses or facilitates a variety of procedures (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p39), including ‘confrontation’, ‘clarification’, ‘interpretation’ and ‘working through’, which are intended to help uncover repression (manifest in resistance to free association), and to manage the common ‘transference’ where uncovered drives are directed at the analyst, who is a highly convenient and sympathetic target for them. The healthy individual, for Freud, is one who is flexibly able to navigate the inevitable conflict between ego and reality. As Adam Phillips puts it: â€Å"Freudians believe we are inevitably violated both from within and without: our egos are violated by our desires and what happens to us. So the Freudian cannot imagine a life without defences, but only a life spent trying to protect himself from this life in order to be able to go on living it, with sufficient pleasure† (2000, p161-2). Similarities and differences with other views Freud’s work exerted massive influence on later psychology, and he interacted directly with a number of the figures I’ll consider later. I’m going to use this ‘similarities and differences’ sub-section cumulatively, as I add detail about the different theories, and so have no more to say in this first round. I find one of Freud’s most basic ideas, the psychic determinism, interesting and exciting. If he’s correct, then a skilled observer can find meaning in patterns of behaviour that would otherwise be regarded as random noise. I’ve been given reason to observe patterns in my own behaviour more thoughtfully as a result of this – I’m not generally a tardy person, and now when I ‘forget’ something that I need for some unpleasant task (a piece of paper I need for some boring administrative matter at the bank) or am late more than once for a meeting a particular person, I at least wonder whether these episodes aren’t in some way motivated, and what I’m both remembering and forgetting while I do it. Jung’s analytical psychology Carl Jung was born in Switzerland in 1875, where he died in 1961. He initially collaborated intensely with Freud, but in 1910 resigned as Chairman of the International Psychoanalytical Association. His approach is called ‘analytical psychology’ partly in order to make clear that it involves a departure from Freud’s psycho-analysis. Main ideas Jung shared with Freud the notion that an important part of the psychology of an individual person was the unconscious, and that dreams and other behaviour provides clues about what was going on there. As Fordham (1995, p79f) notes, Jung was dissatisfied with what he took to be the mechanical nature of Freudian explanations, and preferred to think of the process of analysis as one of interpretation, leading to understanding of meaning rather than causal processes. He regarded symbols are much more important than Freud did. In addition he disagreed with Freud about the importance of the libido and sexual drives, maintaining that, especially in later life, people tended towards an additional stage of development, which involved realisation of the self in relation to the ‘collective unconscious’ which is an inherited part of the unconscious, shared with others. This process was, according to Jung, significantly spiritual and even religious. This notion of the collective unconscious was a clear departure from Freud. Jung claimed to find recurring and universal ‘archetypes’ (of key processes such as death and marriage – Brooke 1991, p16) in world mythologies, folklore and religion, and maintained that dreams should be interpreted in the context of this common inheritance, a process that he called ‘amplification’ (Fordham 1995, p87). For Jung, neurosis was often related to a failure to pursue ‘self-knowledge’ which in turn involved achieving a better level of connectedness with what he took to be human universals. Fordham quotes a passage from Jung illustrating his rejection of aspects of Freud’s view: â€Å"The symptoms of a neurosis are not simply the effects of long-past causes, whether ‘infantile sexuality’ or the infantile urge to power; they are also attempts at a new synthesis of life – unsuccessful attempts, let it be added in the same breath, but attempts nevertheless, with a core of value and meaning. They are seeds that fail to sprout owing to the inclement conditions of an inner and outer nature† (Quoted in Fordham 1995, p81). Work of and with the therapist Although some of the tools of the Jungian therapist (free association, dream analysis) are the same as those of the Freudian, there are important differences in the point and intended outcome of the process. Because the Jungian believes in the collective unconscious, dreams and associations are not understood merely as expressions of a constrained energy system, but also as indications of a relationship with universal sources of human meaning, including spiritual ones. Interpretation is partly a process of ‘amplification’ (Fordham 1995, p87) informed by the therapist’s understanding of the collective unconscious. As Fordham notes, Jung ‘did not enter into details of the analyst-patient relation’ and suggests that Jung may not have been especially ‘interested’ in this, relying ‘rather heavily on the analyst’s native intelligence’ (Fordham 1995, p127). Similarities and differences with other views The main differences I can see between Jung and Freud are the ones I’ve noted: Jung was less impressed by the role of the libido, and more inclined to take seriously the spiritual content of what his subjects said. The healthy subject after Jungian therapy is generically similar to the patient after psycho-analysis, except that for Jung such a person, if an adult, will be willingly involved in the spiritual. Fordham quotes Jung saying that the ‘fascination which psychic life exerts upon modern man’ holds ‘the promise of a far-reaching spiritual change in the Western world’ (Fordham 1995, p91). The dispute with Freud regarding whether analysis produced causal explanations or interpretations seems to me like it could be unnecessary. A symptom could at the same time have a cause (because of being the substituted expression of a desire) and a symbolic meaning (because associations between ideas help determine what gets substituted). It seems right to take somewhat more seriously the spiritual experience of people (I’ll say more about this under transpersonal therapy) but that doesn’t have to mean supposing that what subjects report is true. Freud’s patient (described above) was for a while disgusted by all glasses of water, but not because there was actually anything wrong with them. Rogers’ Person Centred Therapy Carl Rogers was born in the United States of America in 1902, where he also died in 1987. His work, which therefore came after the main contributions of Freud and Jung described above, emphasised the humanistic idea that therapist’s technical skills were less important than their humanity, which he understood to require bringing dispositions such as ‘unconditional positive regard’ and ‘genuineness’ to the therapeutic process. Main ideas According to Rogers people are driven by a single ‘tendency toward actualization’ (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p142), which is a tendency to develop capacities so as to ‘maintain or enhance the organism’. This tendency needs to be able to tell what maintains or enhances, and accordingly Rogers postulated an ‘organismic valuing process’ that distinguishes between experiences that are good and bad for growth. This tendency leads us to distinguish ourselves from the world (this is roughly similar to some of Freud’s thinking about the formation of infant identity through recognising the independence of the world) and come to need ‘positive regard’ for ourselves. Our main source of regard, not only positive, to begin with is other people, especially parents. We learn that their approval depends to some extent on what we do, and there can be a mis-match between what is actualizing in general (in the sense of good for growth by the lights of the organismic valuation process) and what is actualizing in the sense of leading to positive regard from others. To put one of my own experiences in these terms, we might learn that we get positive regard by not taking the last cup-cake, even though we intensely want it and are bewildered by the fact that nobody else seems to want it at all. This tension creates ‘conditions of worth’ (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p143) that distort the expression of the tendency to actualise. Work of and with the therapist The aim of therapy according to Rogers is to ‘provide a relationship which [the client/patient] may use for his own personal growth’ (Rogers 1961, p32), which is a matter of freeing up the tendency we all have to actualisation. According to Prochaska and Norcross (2003, p146f) that there are five conditions – besides being in the relationship itself – for ‘therapeutic personality changes’: Vulnerability, Genuineness, Unconditional Positive Regard, Accurate Empathy, Perception of Genuineness. Vulnerability concerns the client’s awareness of her or his own state of ‘incongruence’ and hence vulnerability to anxiety. Genuiness is the required state of the therapist, who should be ‘freely and deeply themselves’ (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p147) while in the therapeutic process, to be ‘aware of [her or his] own feelings, in so far as possible, rather than presenting an outward faà §ade of one attitude, while actually holding another’ (Rogers 1961, p33). At the same time the therapist must express the ‘unconditional positive regard’ which is the corrective to the conditional positive regard from others that Rogerians take to be the cause of incongruence, a process in turn demanding accurate empathy of the ‘client’s inner world’ (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p147) which involves not filtering empathy through personal reactions (and so is an additional demand over and above genuineness’. Finally the client must recognise the genuineness of the therapist. In this environment, it is up to the client what to talk about. In this ‘non-directive’ (as in, not directed by the therapist) environment, the client will, according to Rogers, realise a capacity that everyone has to ‘move forward toward maturity’ (Rogers 1961, p35). The result is supposed to be that the client becomes ‘more integrated, more effective’ and to show ‘fewer of the characteristics which are usually termed neurotic or psychotic, and more of the characteristics of the healthy, well-functioning person’ (Rogers 1961, p36). Part of this depends on the unconditional positive regard of the therapist, through which the client can come to reassess her or his incongruence. In a hypothetical monologue from a client in therapy, Rogers writes: â€Å"But now that I’ve shared some of this bad side of me, he despises me. I’m sure of it, but it’s strange I can find little evidence of it. Do you suppose that what I’ve told him isn’t so bad? Is it possible that I need not be ashamed of it as a part of me? I no longer feel that he despises me. It makes me feel that I want to go further, exploring me, perhaps expressing more of myself†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Rogers 1961, p67). When the process works, the subject becomes a ‘fully functioning individual’ (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p156) who trusts her or his own actual emotional responses to what they experience, and the courses of action that they spontaneously feel are best. Such a person lives fully in the present – not filtering the present through past hurts, or leaving any of the present out. Similarities and differences with other views A Freudian would likely object that the Rogerian approach involving unconditional positive regard provides ‘a transference relationship that has all the elements of an idealized maternal love’ (Prochaska and Norcross 2003, p164), and also think that Rogers’ style of therapy missed out on important tools (free association) that Freud had showed could be useful. That said, the subject at the end of successful Rogerian therapy is similar to that supposed by Freud – aware of his or her own actual emotions, authentically accepting of how they deal with them, not limited by distortions from previous experience. Some of the conflicts Freudians think are important (for example over access to the breast, or toilet training) can be described in terms of conditional positive regard. It also seems to me that Rogers has done a great deal of good by devoting so much attention to thinking about the relationship between client and therapist, and the demands on the therapis t. Freudians would probably also agree with the fact that Rogers apparently didn’t take religion very seriously. A Jungian, on the other hand, might complain that Rogers doesn’t take the spiritual anywhere nearly seriously enough, and that his approach neglects important information about human psychology that are to be found in mythology and folklore. (Earlier in a passage quoted above, Jung notes that ‘modern man’ has become ‘unhistorical’ (Fordham 1995, p91). Finally, Rogers’ concern with self ­actualisation, though, seems to me to make too much of what might be a specifically North American, or middle class, pre-occupation with the individual (Prochaska and Norcross make a similar point – 2003, p164). Transpersonal Psychology Transpersonal psychology is the name for a wide range of different approaches to therapy. Unlike the approaches discussed above, it is not primarily associated with a single influential figure. Lajoie and Shapiro (1992) reviewed some of the literature over the period 1969-1991, and report no less than forty different descriptions of what transpersonal psychology amounts to. Although in some ways the term is new, some argue that the ideas it stands for are not. Kasprow and Scotton, for example, trace the roots of transpersonal psychology at least to William James who had argued that the test of spiritual experience should be its effect on people, rather than pre-emptively supposing with Freud that it was a kind of regressive defence (Kasprow and Scotton 1999, p12, 13, 15). They claim that what distinguishes transpersonal psychology, and gives it its name, is concern with ‘difficulties associated with developmental stages beyond that of the adult ego’, and it is this movem ent beyond the ego that merits the label ‘transpersonal’. As we saw above, Jung too was concerned with psychological development beyond adulthood, and with mystical experience (Fordham 1995, p135). He is often noted as an influence on transpersonal psychology. Another key figure is Abraham Maslow, born in 1908 and who died in 1970, so with a productive life largely overlapping with that of Rogers. Main ideas Like Rogers, Maslow was a kind of humanist Rogers’ whose client centred therapy is a form of humanistic psychology, and he and Maslow agreed that people had innate potential and desire for self-actualisation. Maslow is especially famous for his periodically revised ‘hierarchy of needs’ describing a number of groupings of needs he took to be common to all people, some of which (e.g. for sleep) needed to be satisfied before others. In the original formulations (Maslow 1943, 1954) the top level of needs was for ‘self-actualization’ which included morality and creativity. Later in his life he proposed that the top level included a state that some self-actualised people might achieve, which he called ‘transcendence’ (Maslow 1971). ‘Transcendence’ here is self-transcendence, and so refers to the same phenomenon as the ‘transpersonal’ in transpersonal psychology. As Kasprow and Scotton (1999, p13) put it, â€Å"transpe rsonal approaches are concerned with accessing and integrating developmental stages beyond the adult ego and with fostering higher human development† and this involves dealing with â€Å"matters relating to human values and spiritual experience† including â€Å"altruism †¦ and profound feelings of connectedness†. Work of and with the therapist Because transpersonal psychology is a large collection of approaches, there is more variation in how practitioners work. This makes it very difficult to offer a short summary. In general practice is humanist – very simply put it’s Rogers with a spiritual aspect, or Rogers mixed with some elements of Jung, including focus on symbolic interpretation of imagery. But there are a number of distinctive tools used by some practitioners that are not generally used by proponents of the approaches described above, including use of ‘altered states of consciousness’ besides those of hypnosis and being on the therapist’s couch, including by means of some of the tools used traditionally and in shamanistic and religious practice to achieve altered states, including â€Å"fasting, dancing, prayer, relaxation, sex, ritual and drugs† (Kasprow and Scotton 1999, p18). Given the focus on transcendent experience, it isn’t surprising that a significant fraction of transpersonal practice relates to experiences like bereavement (Golsworthy and Coyle, 2001)[2] or that it has been found generally useful in pastoral counselling (Sutherland, 2001).[3] Similarities and differences with other views Now that all four approaches have been described, it is possible to say something more general about relationships between them. Freud and Rogers are both relatively secular in orientation. Jung and Transpersonal psychology both take spiritual and transcendent experience more seriously. Rogers and at least some transpersonal psychologists (including Maslow) are clearly humanist. Despite their differences, they have in some ways similar conceptions of the healthy human being, who is free from some forms of conflict, and able to cope flexibly with life. They differ on what the world is like, in particular over the status of transcendent experience, and over the degree of individualism to be aimed for (with Rogers seeming the most individualistic). References Brooke, R. 1991. Jung and Phenomenology, London: Routledge. Brown, J.A.C. 1961. Freud and the Post-Freudians, London: Pelican. Fordham, M. 1995. Freud, Jung, Klein: The fenceless field, London: Routledge. Freud, S. 1962. Two Short Accounts of Psychoanalysis (translated and edited by James Strachey), London: Penguin. Golsworthy, R. and Coyle, A. 2001. Practitioners’ accounts of religious and spiritual dimensions in bereavement therapy, Counselling Psychology Quarterly, 14(3), pp 183–202. Kasprow, M.C. and Scotton, B.W. 1999. A Review of Transpersonal Theory and Its application to the Practice of Psychotherapy. Journal ofPsychotherapy Practiceand Research, 8(1), pp 12-23. Lajoie, D. H. Shapiro, S. I. (1992).Definitions of transpersonal psychology: The first twenty-three years. Journal of Transpersonal Psychology, 24(1), pp 79-98.. Maslow, A.H. 1943. A Theory of Human Motivation, Psychological Review, 50 pp 370-96. Maslow, A.H 1954. Motivation and Personality. New York: Harper. Maslow, A.H. 1971. The farther reaches of human nature. New York: Penguin. Phillips, A. 2000. Promises, Promises. London: Faber and Faber. Prochaska, J.O. and Norcross, J.C. 2003. Systems of Psychotherapy: A Transtheoretical Analysis, Pacific Grove: Thomson. Rogers, C.R. 1961. On Becoming a Person: A therapist’s view of psychotherapy, London: Constable. Sutherland, M. 2001. Developing a transpersonal approach to pastoral counselling, British Journal of Guidance Counselling, 29(4), pp 381-390. Thornton, S.P. 2006. Sigmund Freud [Internet Enclycopedia of Philosophy], URL: http://www.iep.utm.edu/f/freud.htm (Accessed 8 September 2008). 1 Footnotes [1] Fordham notes that the earliest application of analysis to a child of which he is aware was to a child aged 13 months, a process that was ‘hardly at all verbal’ (Fordham 1995, p145). [2] This paper also reports a common frustration that much mainstream therapy ignores or underplays religious experience, which is likely part of the appeal of transpersonal psychology. [3] This paper reports the same frustration as described in the previous footnote, from the specific perspective of clerics who may have received training in secular forms of psychological counselling.

Fate in The Sign of the Four and She Essay -- Sign She

Fate in The Sign of the Four and She In life, it doesn't matter where you start, nor necessarily how you live, because in the end, fate will triumph over all obstacles and place you where you were destined to be.   Every individual has had some type of experience with an unexplainable force; on a larger scale, for instance, living through a physical disability or coping with the death of a loved one, but many times, on a smaller scale, fate mysteriously operates in everyday activities and situations.   The way in which fate functions in both extremes is undoubtedly unexplainable; however, the path in which fate designs for every person is predetermined and unavoidable.   It matters not if you are an all-time champion marathon runner or a poor, homeless vagabond, because fate has a charted course that is set in stone and impossible to alter.   For instance, the champion runner suddenly has a massive heart attack while on the homestretch of an important race and dies right on the spot, on the other han d, the homeless person haphazardly finds a winning lottery ticket on the ground and ultimately transforms his life.   These hypothetical instances are not chance, nor are they good or bad luck, they happen for a reason, a reason which cannot be understood, and one in which cannot be escaped. The idea of fate was covertly woven within the fabric of The Sign of the Four and She.   From Jonathan Small's wooden leg, the "solid iron chest of Indian workmanship" (221) containing the Agra treasure, to Ayesha's undying love (literally) for Kallikrates. Each situation vividly represents how the foundation of fate can inevitably shake up and change existence of being.   The character, Jonathan Small, in The Sign of t... ...cept what is handed to us on fates plate and learn to cope with it instead of avoiding the inevitable like the people in England when Queen Victoria ruled.   Throughout the ages, we have come a long way in understanding the dynamics of life: the progression of health and sciences, technology, and the uniting of diverse cultures and classes.   Time has revealed the hidden doubts of our predecessors, and with that, we have concluded that the future is wide open and bound to change at any given moment in time.   Nothing in life is fixed, but it is ever-changing, both on mental and physical levels.   We can attempt to improve the conditions in which we live, but when all is said and done, the final outcome is always what it is intended to be.   Our destiny is always intact and one, whether real or fictional characters, cannot escape the divine map of life.  Ã‚  

The Return of Depression Economics :: essays papers

The Return of Depression Economics From the many economy-related books available I read The Return of Depression Economics by Paul Krugman. This book was written during the Asian financial crisis of the late 1990’s. Many say that Krugman wrote this book much too quickly to be fully correct on every issue that he wrote about in this book. Krugman mainly focuses on financial crises of the 1990’s and mostly on the Asian financial crisis. This book was very interesting to read even though I did not fully understand every issue he covered. In this book Krugman laid out the basic fundamentals of global economy and the choices we had to get ourselves out of the Asian financial crisis. With the Asian financial crisis done and over with, many of Krugman’s thoughts and choices are now out-of-date. Even though there were an option at the time but now dated, they were interesting and I agreed on many of his points. Krugman believes that Mexico’s crisis was a three-act play with Mexico as act one , Asia as number two and us finishing off as act three. During the 1990’s there have been many currency crises around the world. For example, Britain and Sweden in 1992 to Mexico and Argentina in 1995 to East Asia's rim in 1997 to Brazil in 1998-1999. These crises are better known as financial â€Å"panics†. There are many different things that can trigger a financial crisis but I will explain Krugman’s classic example of the â€Å"panic†. International investors in New York, Frankfurt, London, and Tokyo are known as main investors. These main investors invest their huge amounts of money in countries that they think are doing well. From this â€Å"hunch† they flood their billions of dollars, about $70 billion into Asia, into a country’s economy. If they feel that they have made a poor financial investment they quickly pull their money out of the market at huge losses. These main investors cause a stampede of smaller investors to also pull their money out of the economy at sale prices. Th is causes a panic and seems to have a snowball effect. So in effect the country that once was flooded with billions of dollars is left off worse and soon is facing economic troubles. This panic has a tendency to effect surrounding countries.

Internaltional marketing

Select all computer hardware for the medical practice Including computing platforms used by the listed doctors and other medical staff and the server(s), If used. No parts of the current architecture may be used. Hardware and Network Requirements A thorough review of the local technology environment will be required at any facility implementing the ERR. Facilities will need to evaluate hardware needs in a workstation to ensure that providers and other users of the ERR have access to the system at the point of service. Deploying the ERR will create additional demands on he server and network at each facility such as LANA or WAN.Show as following picture: Objectives: Workstation – This refers to the hardware that holds everything in a room for office staff worker to perform their jobs: word/excel processing, practice management software, ERR software, scan and copy, etc. Desktop – This describes a fixed, hard- wired computer that does not move around. This cost around $4- 5000 per each. Laptop – This is a portable computer. It is a fully functioning computer that can be carried or placed on a cart and moved around the place. This cost around $3?4000 per each.Tablet PC – Those contain built-in handwriting recognitions software that allows the user to â€Å"write† on the screen. Tablet PC's can have add-on keyboards when typing Is preferred. This cost around $600?900 per each. Desktops The basics: A desktop computer usually has a standard configuration and specification with consisting of a CPU, monitor, keyboard, and mouse. It is stationary: it resides in one location and cannot be moved from room to room. It can stand alone or work with any of a variety of applications on network arrangements. Advantages: Desktops are low-cost, available and easy to purchase.Because desktop PC's are standardized, it is relatively easy and inexpensive to find or replace parts and support. Desktops will have less difficulty to run and install softw are or applications. It is less hassle than carrying a computer around all day, worrying about batteries running out or losing wireless connectivity or dropping the computers. On cost saving – such as microphones, speakers, and headsets are available at low cost. Disadvantages: Because It's stationary, you need to buy a desktop PC for each room In which you need access to your ERR software.Desktops typically take up more space than a laptop or tablet PC. While flat screen monitors and tower units save actual desktop tablet PC. You must purchase additional equipment to take full advantage of voice recognition and/or handwriting recognition programs. Laptops A laptop is a fully functioning computer that is small enough to be portable. Laptops can take advantage of wireless as well as traditional wired networks. A laptop can easily serve as a desktop computer to perform in a larger monitor. Advantages: A laptop can easily be turned to allow patients to view information on the sc reen.A laptop is less unpleasant during patient interviews. Disadvantages: Although laptops are portable, some laptops has wider inches of the screen they can be heavy to carry Repairs and maintenance tend to be more expensive because laptops use non-standard or proprietary parts. You may have to send a laptop off-site for diagnosis and repair. Overall benefits of laptops: 1 . Laptops can open and find the note and chart easily on patient's interview before entering the room 2. Laptops can close the note right outside the room if you want to go ahead and have the patient leave before finishing a note. Laptops can have all settings and programs handy all the time – appointments, links, hospital links, etc. 4. Using laptops can look at patient easily over the top of the laptop and can easily show patients information with it. Tablet PC's Using ERR technology requires a certain adjustment in the way you're used to interacting with patients and their charts by using Tablet PC's. The first method is through tapping on a screen-based keyboard with the stylus. The second is through straight handwriting recognition. Advantages: Tablets are truly portable and lightweight.It is as powerful as a PC, but it doesn't require a keyboard. Instead, you add information by writing on the screen with a digital pen or stylus. Tablet PC's have integrated capability with voice recognition software that transcribes directly into the patient record. Disadvantages: Need longer learning curve to get used to it. Handwriting recognition dictionaries may not have fully integrated medical terminology yet. It may require more correction. There is not as much standardized software yet available for tablets. Screens are easily scratched and can become unusable without screen protectors.

Does television have a malign influence on society? Essay

Collins Dictionary (2009) defines television as; â€Å"the system or process of producing a moving image with accompanying sound on a distant screen. † This essay will discuss the very debateable subject of television. It will explore; if society as a whole is influenced by viewing, what effect viewing has on individuals and if television is linked to health concerns. The beneficial aspects of television will also be discussed and if this medium was to be expunged, would this possibly have a detrimental effect? As with an essay of this type, it will be as balanced as possible, with statistics, research and public opinion to achieve a balanced conclusion. A common misconception is that television causes violence and is a contributor to crime. One such case is that of James Bulger, in which Jon Venables and Robert Thompson, both aged 10 proceeded to abduct a toddler from a busy shopping precinct. After this abduction they repeatedly beat the toddler and left him for dead. Speculation was widely conveyed to the causal effect of violence portrayed on the big screen, with films as â€Å"child’s play† being at the forefront, leading to a change in censorship laws in 1994. Whereas, Japan; famous for television movies that show extreme violence, crime rates are low, much lower than that of the westernised world (The British Journal of Criminology 1999). Another point to consider is that television is responsible for the increase in Anti-Social Behaviour Orders (ASBO’s). The research undertaken has concluded a behavioural link in the USA and western countries over several years. In recent studies many criminals have confessed to influence of actions portrayed on television (Gunter, 2008). However, there is no definitive link between television and ASBO’s this is usually determined by other social factors, such as; family, surroundings, personality traits, peers and other factors. The next exploration into television viewing is that of advertisements. Advertising in the UK has risen by thirty percent with the introduction of more channels in the last ten years (Guardian. co. uk 2009). Television is being abused for commercial purposes, in which audiences are being sold to. The aim of this is to promote the product as a solution to a problem or the fulfilment of a desire that can only be achieved by purchasing this item (Mander, 1978). It is agued that television affects the human mind by, limiting the possibilities of conscious choice and promotes a consumer society. On the other hand, television is not the only tool for advertisement. As a nation there is a constant â€Å"spoon-feeding† of products to stimulate the desire to purchase. These include advertisement boards, the radio, newspapers and mail, this constant bombardment has a causal effect, of a â€Å"need† to being the first to have the latest deals and products. However, television allows the consumer choices and information to a variety of products which gives a better understanding in their purchases. Television in the UK has shown that it can be financed without the influx of advertising fees. The BBC is paid for from licensing fees and many commercial broadcasters are now increasingly promoting pay-per view options (Inside TV, 2009). Many arguments conform to the fact of being â€Å"forced† to pay for the license fee, whereas the â€Å"pay-per view† option is less obtrusive allowing people to make up their own minds. The exploration of television brings to light that of moral behaviour. A large proportion of television audiences consist of teenagers, these are extremely susceptible to what is seen as their moral values are currently in development (Banerjee, 2005). Humans in the developmental process learn by imitation, normally in the form of a visual aid by mimicking actions by others. One such study was made by Albert Bandura by use of the Bobo doll in 1961. This study was compiled of children who were shown acts of verbal and physical violence inflicted on an inflatable Bobo doll. Although, the results were deemed inconclusive there was a distinct relationship between the acts of violence viewed to the actual acts of aggression the children performed. The developmental formation of a young person’s mentality is directly linked to a causal effect of imitation (Bandura, 1961). Morality can therefore be learned or imitated from acts of violence and various stereotyping promoted by television viewing. Televisions impact on the morality of younger individuals can affect the future of society on a negative plain. In contrast, most influence that children experience in the supplemental development of moral values results from family, friends, religion or even school (Morrison, 1997). Parents and teachers who are incapable of setting strict moral ethics can have an egregious effect on children; with their social environment, friends and state of living being contributory factors. Cultural content in television has little or no sustenance. This is a strong statement with compelling evidence to support this view. Television is a powerful tool for delivering information to the viewer in small concentrated doses; this causes fluctuation in the absorption rate and gives people very narrow-minded views of cultural diversity. Most television programs have the purpose of entertaining the viewer only; which extends to the multitude of films for the deliverance of commercial intent with little actual cultural value. From a religious perspective, television is seen as a temple of mass production, creating shallow values and stereotypes that influence modern society. Television is a form of stimulus only, with the need to experience feelings and emotions in the content consumed, causing an imbalance in serotonin levels. As stated by Dr Dimitri Christakis, ‘television can cause the developing mind to experience unnatural levels of stimulation’ (The Elephant in the living room, 2007). This â€Å"Hollywood† model of producing programming for entertainment purposes can only produce a society of negative values and views, losing regional traditions and diversity for ratings. Contrary to this, there are now more scientific and cultural programs available since the introduction of digital television. People have access to channels that now cater for almost any interest, giving new educational opportunities for society. Information in this medium encourages the individual to participate in society, keeping them informed with current affairs and politics. Certain programs allow viewers to establish closer links between politicians and electors, resulting in a more unified society. Self-expression and more opportunities are fashioned through the medium of television allowing a more â€Å"open† society, allowing the viewer to express their own thoughts and ideas. Moreover, with the introduction of interactive digital viewing this ensues opportunities for society in the future. A contradictory argument, but also a valid point is that television viewing constricts time resulting in an unfulfilled life. Most recreational time is spent sitting in front of the television; data compiled has concluded that a correlation exists between television and health concerns. Childhood obesity has increased in the UK by seventeen percent in the last ten years as a result of more programs directly focused on the youth of society (Times online, 2006). The average British child is spending thirty-six hours watching television; while only spending thirty hours in school. Studies have shown that most children between the ages of two and fifteen have a television in their room, which remains unmonitored by guardians, allowing questionable content to be viewed by impressionable minds (Mail online, 2006). In addition, research undertaken has shown an increase in autism over the last thirty years with a relationship to television; with ninety thousand cases recorded in Britain alone. The lead researcher Michael Warden has determined that of the research conducted although not conclusive this is a very compelling case for the effect of television on society. Increased programming in which caters for all results in reduced recreational time. This includes social interaction, discouraging exercise and improving the quality of â€Å"real† life by narrowing societies view on the world. However, as in most cases this is the conscientious choice of an individual; they are able to choose how to spend their recreational time. As previously mentioned, children learn by imitation and the blame should be with the parents not with television. Social environment and lifestyle determines the arrangement television has on the recreational time of an individual, not the opposite (Telegraph, 2008). Although research has shown that eleven to fifteen year olds are spending fifty-five percent of their waking life in front of television, this research does not correlate to this medium only. Many children are now spending less time than they were ten years ago watching television. With the introduction of a â€Å"techno-junkie† society; many children are now spending more time pursuing interests on the internet, iPods and texting. In many cases this form of communication is how the youth of society conform to one another, sometimes while in the same room. Finally, television has been determined in part to be the cause of the well known psychological problem of depression. The increased popularity of television has resulted in the increase of this phenomenon, as indicated in many scientific conclusions on this subject. This is resulted from the broadcasting of violence, aggression, crimes and wars not only in films but depicted on the daily news. This indication to current events can trigger emotions and effect how the individual looks at society. As perceptions of the world come to conform to the depictions they see on TV, they become more passive, more anxious, and more fearful. Gerbner calls this the â€Å"Mean World Syndrome. † This â€Å"fear† can result in a breakdown in society, as people become too afraid to step outside into a world of nothing but horror and despair (Gerbner, 1998). A study conducted on television and urban lighting concluded that the lighting can have a distinct causal effect with depression (Behavioural Brain Research, 2009). The researchers stated, ‘†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦ that exposure to unnatural lighting can induce significant changes in affect (mood)†¦. ‘ Movies and television programs therefore, that emanates dark imagery support scientific research that this encourages psychological tension, pessimism and negative emotions. Consequently, the research and results are inconclusive with no definitive association between television and depression can be found that is beyond reproach. As regards to depiction of violence in the news, people have the right to be informed of the world in which they live. This should include the problems that nations face through visceral images that represent the reality of events honestly, being the first step to solving them. Television programmes can be a source for entertainment and positive emotional reactions. Certain programs allow laughter and happiness to be expelled as a family, an individual or with friends. Many positive emotions can be shared with a variety of genres readily available to watch, this can include; television shows, comedies, musical channels and the list is virtually endless. This form of relaxation enables society to experience positive emotions, even if this is possibly only in the short term to assist in taking their minds off their troubles. To conclude, television has varying amounts of evidence in support of it having an influence on society. From the evidence provided it shows that it seems to have an almost overwhelming case that this is a malign influence. However, none of the evidence is universally accepted and research has proven only that more research is needed to give a more definitive answer. This inconclusive evidence is the reason that television is commissioned to still broadcast material. Although, information is limited by the production companies, it is proven to be a resourceful tool for education. Television can unite families together in laughter and produce a topic for discussion, while at the same time bringing a nation together for a common interest. The educational benefits, social benefits and financial gain is the reason why television has not been removed completely, regardless of the controversial arguments against the usefulness of this medium. Additionally, this brings to question the ethics behind television broadcasting and content. Thus, bringing to light the question; is this influence on society a method of transmitting the thoughts and ideas of the leaders of the country? Or, is this a form of control for the masses, to create a susceptible society? Bibliography All Academic Research (n. d. ) Television and Children’s Moral Reasoning: Development of a Standardized Measure of Moral Reasoning on Interpersonal Violence. Available from: http://www. allacademic. com/: meta/p_mla_apa_research_citation/2/3/3/4/1/p233419_index. html, accessed 29 December 2009  http://www.open2.net/

Honour Is Shakespeare’s “Much Ado About Nothing”

When we look closely at the romance of Beatrice and Benedick, we see the problems that a rational lover has in putting aside his concept of honour in order to love a woman and Shakespeare cleverly contrasts this relationship with our idealistic lover Claudio, who is incapable of rejecting the restrictions that honour places on a man. In a parallel construction we see through the relationship that the boorish Claudio has with the docile Hero that for love to flourish it must reject chivalric notions of honour. The social hierarchy of Messina, is a very class conscious one and being witty is almost a full time occupation for many of its inhabitants. Playing practical jokes and tricks upon each other is a subtle way of maintaining the strict codes of conduct and among the most successful and benevolent of the deceptions practised are the parallel practical jokes played on Beatrice and Benedick in order to trick each of them into admitting their love for one another. In their first encounter, we see Beatrice and Benedick using their superior intellects to ridicule each other. Benedick warns her to ‘keep her ladyship’ and she lashes back with insults around his physicality suggesting that he is so ugly that ‘scratching his face could not make it worse’. Benedick uses his wit to shield himself from her barbs, hiding his true feelings and pretending to enjoy his bachelor existence when actually it is a mechanism for his safety. Benedick presents one face to the world in order to be accepted by the society that judges him and it is this society that acknowledges his wit, but underpinning Benedick’s wit is his distaste for the superficial values that Messinian society is built upon. His ironic attitude towards both himself and the world he is held captive by is apparent in his soliloquy, where he weighs up the discrepancy between how the world sees him and how he sees himself. The repartee between Beatrice and Benedick is sometimes blunt and crude, sometimes elaborate and self conscious. Puns, similes, metaphors, and paradoxes are all brought into play in their continual game of mutual insults and it is this aggressive verbal battle which pushes Beatrice and Benedick to the foreground of the play. Being in love is a game for fools and Benedick vows to never be ‘such a fool’. Benedick persuades himself that by staying away from Beatrice and denying himself any notions of marriage, he is a confirmed misogymist, that he is the stronger individual and has control over his life instead of living for another human being and risking becoming a hopelessly ‘in love’ lover. Benedick views women in society as somehow predatory, wanting to ‘capture’ a man and contain him in marriage, only to torture him with subsequent betrayal. However when faced with a woman such as Beatrice, who proclaims herself equally contemptuous of marria ge and for the same reasons, Benedick’s role begins to fall apart, which is where Benedick faces the biggest battle in his life, as he fights to hold on to his notions of male honour. But no matter how hard he tries he cannot frame for himself a separate language of love and as a result he and Beatrice construct a loving relationship which is as much of a sparring match as their enmity, once Benedick gives up his notions of male honour. In stark contrast to Benedick and Beatrice, Shakespeare’s ideal lovers, Claudio and Hero, ‘believe’ they are in love with each other, but we quickly see that when put to the test this love is superficial and lacks the true acknowledgement of each other’s individuality needed to sustain it. Their love for each other, although seemingly sincere, dissipates at the first obstacle and doubt sees one quick to accuse the other of adultery. For Beatrice and Benedick however, their jokes are the means whereby they can resist the kind of love-relationship exemplified by Hero and Claudio. In the end the ‘happy-ending’ which sees Hero married off to Claudio is one fraught with contradictions, for this conventional relationship, founded as it is on romantic love, which they exemplify, has been severely satirised by Shakespeare. By presenting the relationship between Beatrice and Benedick as real and not idealistic, we see the fragility of an idealised, romantic love such as the one Claudio has with Hero and its tendency to collapse into loathing and disgust becomes all too apparent. Appropriately the play ends not with Claudio and Hero whose strict adherence to an unbending code of honour temporarily fragments their relationship, but with Beatrice and Benedick who overcome both the male code of honour and society’s expectations to love and accept each other for their individual selves. There is a relationship built on mutual trust, respect and acceptance and proof that Love must be truthful to be sustained.

Research questionnaires Essay

The ways in which the experiments presented above differ is in regard to the setting in which they are conducted. Some are laboratory experiments that take place in a setting created by researchers, and others such as field experiments are conducted in a participants natural setting. Additional ways for communication researchers to conduct there studies would be research questionnaires which ask participants to write their answers to questions researchers pose and panel studies which are surveys in which responses from the same people are obtained to learn how their beliefs, attitudes, and/or behaviors change. There are particular strengths and weaknesses of each type of experiment done. Panel studies for instance allow, â€Å"researchers to be more confident about attributing patterns of cause in effect in survey data,† (Dominick 415) and they are more reliable. Another strength of the panel study is the benefit of, â€Å"longitudinal observation of the individual through time,† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_study), and the compilation of information at a nice pace makes the withdraw inaccuracies condensed. On the weakness side of these studies, panel members cannot be replaced, so panel studies are threatened by participant morality which means that there are potential problems due to the loss of respondents. Such a substantial loss of respondents can compromise the results of the study. Other weaknesses include that, â€Å"panel †¦ {studies} are expensive to conduct, are sensitive to attrition and take a long time to generate useful data,† (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Panel_study). Another way communication researcher’s conduct a study is by using a questionnaire. Researchers using questionnaires communicate via written messages and usually do not converse with respondents. There are many strength’s of questionnaires; one would be that they are not very expensive. This type of research reaches large audiences and allows them to respond at their convenience. They require fewer personnel and can be administered consistently by different researchers, since the same written form, asking the same questions, may be used in exactly the same way time after time. Questionnaires minimize potential influence of outside events as all people receive questionnaires at the same time. They also increase respondent’s  anonymity and increase accuracy of data because respondents record their own data. Nevertheless, such unvarying replies might aggravate researchers. Questionnaires are also restricted by the fact that respondents are required to read the que stions and respond to them. Therefore, for some demographic groups, conducting a survey by questionnaire may not be realistic. An additional way for communication researchers to conduct investigating is by laboratory experiments. A laboratory setting allows researchers to, â€Å"Manipulate independent variables,† (Hocking 206-207), easily, randomly assign research participants to conditions, control for the effects of unrelated influences, and measure participant’s behavior cleanly, especially there communication behavior. Laboratory experiments help researchers conduct highly controlled full experiments. Lab experiments â€Å"are useful because they help establish causality,† (Dominick 416). Laboratory experiments allow researchers to exercise high control, but often, â€Å"they can minimize external validity,† (Hocking 204), because participants may respond differently in laboratories than in natural settings. The last communication tool researcher’s use is field experiments. Field experiments cannot randomly assign research participants to conditions or manipulate variables as can a laboratory experiment. But they can conduct full experiments. This means that that communication researchers can conduct there experiment in a natural setting, â€Å"which maximizes external validity,† (Hocking 206). Field experiments can also establish causality as do laboratory experiments. Wrapping up, the quality of experimental research is determined not by where it takes place, but the amount of control researcher’s exercise. Whether laboratory, field, panel or questionnaires, communication researchers, â€Å"exercise high control when they are able to manipulate independent variables,† (Hocking 211), randomly assign participants to create equivalent conditions and control for the effects of extraneous influences. Bibliography Dominick, Joseph R. The Dynamics of Mass Communication. 9th ed. New York: McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc., 2005. 393-437. Hocking, John E., John W. Stacks, and Steven T. McDermott. Communication Research. 3rd Ed. New York: Allyn & Bacon, 2002. 200-215. â€Å"Panel Study.† Wikipedia.Org. Aug. 2006. 30 Dec. 2006 .

Growth of a Business Essay

When a business grows in size it will need more staff to carry out:- *Existing jobs e.g. in a chocolate factory it may need more people to operate the production lines it it moves from 4 to 5 lines. *New jobs e.g. if a company expands to overseas it will need to recruit staff who are capable of speaking foreign languages. When existing jobs are being expanded, human resource specialists simply need to copy existing practice on a larger scale. They can do this by interviewing more people and advertising more widely etc. More detailed thought is needed if new jobs are to be created. This is even more important if the jobs being created are different to the jobs that already exist within the company. If Norwich Airport they would need to employ a lot more security guards. This would be due to the increased numbers of passengers going through the airport and the terminals. If Norwich Airport started to fly to new destinations they would need new staff who could speak the language of the country. They could do this training their existing staff to speak the languages or they could recruit externally people already with the capability to speak those languages. CHANGING JOB ROLES WITHIN THE BUSINESS In recent years there has been a decline in standardised jobs. The change of a job role is usually down to changing and advancing technology. This involves employees taking more responsibility in decision making. This is known as empowerment. The development of new jobs requires a lot of research. Looking at the best practice in an industry often does this. Sometimes it is done by looking at the development of new jobs particularly in the USA. FILLING VACANCIES CREATED BY RESIGNATION, RETIREMENT OR DISMISSAL Vacancies come about for a number of reasons. This could include retirement, dismissal, expansion or even death. When some body moves on it is normally necessary to replace them. Before this is done the company will need to decide if it would be best to get a employee similar to the previous one or if it would be best to to get someone with new skills because the job has moved on and more skills are required to carry the job out properly. In some cases this has effected Norwich Airport. In some extreme cases they have had to dismiss employees who have lied about foreign languages they can speak. When Norwich Airport first opened, they only offered flights to a few select countries. But since then they have expanded and a far wider range of flights are now offered. With this they have a lot more people using them rather than using the larger London airports or the near by Luton airport. With the extra money they are still thinking of expanding even more in the near future. In some cases the job that has become available does not always need to be filled. There are amny factors that Norwich Airport takes into account before deciding whether or not a replacement is required. They will always consider: – * Is there still a need for that job? * Do the benefits derived from this job justify the total cost of filling it? E.g. advertising, salary, training etc. * Is it essential that the vacancy is filled immediately? * Rather than employing a new member of staff would it be best to reorganise the workload within the company/department to cover the position. * Will the job need to be full or part time? * Will there still be the need for this job in 12 or 18 months time? Is the post likely to be affected by current or future organisational changes or different work methods. Will the job therefore be temporary or permanent? And for this reason will there need to be a fixed term contract. INTERNAL PROMOTION There is always the opportunity for internal promotion. This is a good form of motivation as it gives employees something to aim for within the organisation. This should make the employee try to impress in his current job rather than looking else where outside of the company. But if an employee is to be promoted, then someone else would have to be employed to cover their previous position. It is extremely important that the right candidate is selected. The recruitment process can be extremely costly. To set up an effective recruitment process it takes a great deal of time. Once a job has become vacant it is very important that the company should then analyse the job. This is when they will decide what will be entailed in the available job. How to advertise, sift through the applications, checking which applications best meet the criteria, interviewing candidates and then the most important, selecting the best candidate. When a job becomes available at Norwich airport they decide whether to recruit internally or externally. From our meeting I discovered that 50% of the time they will recruit internally only, and the other 50% they will recruit internally and externally. They often decide to recruit internally only because they can save a lot of money. They save a lot on advertising costs and it normally takes them less time to train the employee if they already have some experience working within the airport. Often they have noticed that when an employee knows that there is the chance of promotion it enhances their rate and quality of work because it acts as a motivator. However they have also found disadvantages when recruiting within the company. They have to replace the person who has been promoted, this means that they have ended up advertising for two jobs instead of just the one. In the past they have had arguments and disputes or another employee has been upset that someone else has been promoted instead of them. However, from our meeting I understood that their better employees in the past were ones who had been promoted as a pose to the ones who had been employed externally. This has always been the case when they have been first employed because they have a better understanding of the business. NEW POST Sometimes rather than a current post becoming available a new post all together may become vacant. But before the new post is confirmed it must be approved in the companies budget. This may not be the case and a supplementary budget will have to be applied for. If this is not the case then the recruitment process will be unable to go ahead. There must be available work space and enough available equipment for the new person. If all of the above are ok, then Norwich Airport decide on a realistic start date. When this is decided upon, the airport would work backwards from this date to plan each stage of recruitment. Below is a realistic time plan for Norwich Airport if they were to advertise externally. A typical time plan would be for about 3 months. 21 January – complete staff vacancy request form and hand into human resources department. 22 January – write job description and interview report form, allowing time for the approval of the line manager. Pepare advert and job particulars. HUMAN RESOURCES MUST BE NOTIFIED THAT THE RECRUITMENT PROCESS HAS BEEN STARTED! 2 February – send the above papers to human resources. 9 February – if appropriate the job will be evaluated. Human resources will book space and send advert to media. 16 February – the advert will appear. Interview dates and panel members must be decided upon. 18 February – applicants respond. 4 March – closing date for response from potential applicants. 7 March – final candidates are shortlisted. 8 March – candidates are contacted to arrange interviews. 15/16 March – interviews take place. 17 March – the post is offered to the successful candidate. 17 April – after one month notice period the candidate would start.