Sport Tourism in Manchester, United Kingdom Free Essays

string(74) " result in the splitting of vital resources to the detriment of everyone\." Abstract The evolution of Urban Tourism has provided a wide range of opportunity for the city of Manchester, UK. Alongside this opportunity Manchester has determined to employ a sport centred economic plan in an effort to bring in revenue. This study begins by assessing the underlying policies alongside the economic and social context in order to establish the overall direction of the rebranding effort of the focus on the area of sport. We will write a custom essay sample on Sport Tourism in Manchester, United Kingdom or any similar topic only for you Order Now Next, this work examines the competing interests with the advent of the policy records in order to produce a credible series of results. Employing these results illustrated a wide range of benefits for the sport centred urban tourist effort. Alongside the positive elements is a strong residual argument that further study of the often volatile market segment will be needed in order to fully assess every opportunity. Policies Current statistics illustrate the UK tourism market is centred in urban areas by a wide margin (Beioley 2002, pp. 1). This revenue stream can be utilized to reinvigorate a local or regional economic outlook in a variety of manners. Analysis demonstrates that city tourism differs from national tourism in that it is shorter, higher spending and far more reliant on the underlying public services (Beioley 2002, pp. 2). This is a positive component to the effort by Manchester, suggesting that there is a fundamental shift in policy to accompany this approach. Beginning with an initial report on the feasibility of transforming Manchester into a tourist destination, the concept of a sport centred industry has been favourably looked upon by the city (Law 2012, pp. 1). Lacking the infrastructure support would hamper the overall implementation of this avenue, making regulatory partnership vital. Manchester has found itself in positive area by building a partnership with both the social and leg islative elements. Manchester has recognized that the area of sport is a very popular cultural draw with the potential to spread good will towards the entire city and region (Tallon 2010, pp. 239). This facet of their plan not only built a solid foundation, but expanded the accompany revenue base. Regulators instituted policies that have resulted in the construction of the City of Manchester Stadium, with the explicit goal of revitalizing the entire district. This approach to the revitalisation effort has been heralded as a solid foundation upon which to build the regeneration of Manchester’s entire infrastructure (Tallon 2010, pp. 239). Underlying policies that are conducive to the sport arena are credited for energizing the tourist trade, transforming the image of the city itself as well as creating a sustainable form of industry that can serve to propel the city into the next era. Each of these components adds value, yet, the potential for a substantial lack of cohesiveness does exist (Ta llon 2010, pp. 239) Employing governmental assistance that designated Greater Manchester an ‘Enterprise Zone’ in 1987, there has been a sustained drive to capitalize on the potential for urban tourism centred on the area of sport (Tallon 2010, pp. 52). This on-going assistance has been a tremendous benefit to the implementation of the urban renewal plan. As a result of the on-going campaign to build economic progress, regulators have actively worked to instil a tourism friendly element that is a continual boon to the urban recovery process in Manchester (Weed 2010, pp. 187). Alongside the recognition of the potential revenue to be found in the tourist trade, Manchester has worked unceasingly to put itself in a better strategic marketing position. It is the combination of forward thinking policy in conjunction with an adaptable industry that demonstrates Manchester’s long term commitment to the area of urban tourism. Economic and Social Context In a very public effort to rebrand the city in the 1990’s, Manchester adopted the new motto â€Å"The life and Soul of Britain† (Spirou 2011, pp. 112). A demonstrative first step allows a positive perception to begin. This rededication was a precursor of the effort to improve the social and cultural perception of Manchester as a destination. Acting on the potential for an increase in revenue, Manchester rightly pursued the industry of sport as a method to address this deficiency (Weed 2010, pp. 187). Succeeding in attaining their goal of the Common Wealth Games of 2002this economic activity served to lift the city above the dismal outlook with the further positive ramification of being judged relied upon to do the same for many similar progressive endeavours (Weed 2010, pp. 187). This is a positive element in that each project further strengthens the infrastructure. Manchester’s demonstrated the widely felt social imperative to look beyond the current methods of creating revenue in order to make the most of the possibilities (Ashworth and Page 2010, pp. 1). This approach is in line with the working recognition for the need to employ an approach that connects the infrastructure of social sciences, with a focus on the element of urban studies to industry. Manchester’s ability to embrace the social science aspect has led to a tourism industry that has the potential to continue to expand (Ashworth and Page 2010, pp. 1). An associated increase in revenue and visitors is a positive credit to the underlying effort. The implementing of the urban tourism plan has yielded substantial benefits to the social and cultural fabric of Manchester (Law 2010, p. 129). Underlying infrastructure such as road and regional travel has drastically improved as a result of the urban tourism drive. The establishment of stronger underlying elements enables the wide variety of non-sport related activities to benefit from the industry as well (Law 2010, pp. 129). Through the increased capacity to travel easily, more visitors have been attributed with coming to the city, providing a wealth of revenue for many of the industries that rest well outside of the sport focus. Yet, this also brings in the potential for related issues that could detract from the sport centred focus of the city (Law 2010, pp. 130.) The lack of proper application has the potential to result in the splitting of vital resources to the detriment of everyone. You read "Sport Tourism in Manchester, United Kingdom" in category "Essay examples" Manchester was able to learn from their bids for the Olympic Games, adapt and make a successful bid for the Commonwealth Games (Cook and Ward 2011, pp. 2519). This is clear demonstration that the legislative and social perception was ripe for the development of an industry mechanism with the capacity to help them succeed. Combining the element of politics, social responsibility and ethical practice Manchester has managed to achieve a state of relative prosperity that will lend credence to the spirit of urban tourisms vital capacity to lend aid to struggling economies. Competing Interests Alongside the development of Manchester as ‘SportCity’, there are the separate industries that must compete in order to survive (Smith 2013, pp. 385). This recognition requires that any successful long term plan must include the capacity to bring in each of the disparate elements in such a manner that it promotes the whole. Modern studies on the benefits of creating a sport centred industry have been found to be beneficial, although the lack of adequate planning has the inherent capability of hobbling the industries that have little to do the with sport (Smith 2013, pp. 385). In the drive to enable the full range of economic benefits, ill-considered actions can have a tremendous impact on the remaining components of any cities combined industry. An emerging market that has found turbulence in Manchester sport is the market for the gay community (Hughes 2003, pp. 152). Many argue that the perception of the gay lifestyle is in direct contrast to the effort to establish a sport destination spot. Targeting a market with substantial revenue, yet possessing potentially negative aspects when interacting with sport centred marketing, there is a real need to develop an overall approach that provides an inclusive element for progress (Hughes 2003, pp. 152). The ability to include the often contrasting positions of the competing groups in the city provides an ample illustration of the capability of the regional government to conduct large scale tourist attractions. In an effort to address the diverse industries vital to the city, Manchester created a council referred to as the Employment in Construction Charter with the focus of linking the public sector to the private companies in order to distribute the growing revenue (Spirou 2011, pp. 206). This is a direct reflection of the effort to balance the division of power in order to promote a policy of growth for each of the separate factions. During the bid for the Commonwealth Games, Manchester was credited with not only appealing to the larger international community, but providing substantial providence for the local retailers as well (Cook and Ward 2011, pp. 2525). This demonstrates that Manchester learned from the prior Olympic Games Bid and adjusted to meet the requirements of the diverse elements in a successful manner. Effectiveness of Policy The City of Manchester efforts to revitalize the region through the utilization of the urban tourist area of sport has yielded significant results. The cities recognition that tourism is one of the highest revenue producing streams available has created a viable window of opportunity (Ritchie and Adair 2004, pp. 269). This approach has begun to yield a substantial return in both the financial and social perception areas. Sports tourism has the unique ability to both unlock the heritage elements that benefit that region of industry and the underlying natural and cultural depth that lies alongside the city (Ritchie and Adair 2004, pp. 269). These outcomes serve to illustrate the veracity of the path taken by Manchester in the effort to rejuvenate their city on every level. Working towards goals that include the International Olympics and the Commonwealth Games are a very effective policy for a wide variety of reasons (Ritchie and Adiar 2004, pp. 269). Even the unsuccessful bids produce a litany of economic resources for the city. With national entities such as Tomorrows Tourism, Britain’s National Tourism concern, actively participating in the drive to establish a positive outcome, the underlying infrastructure benefited on every level. Many of the internal improvements to the city are reflections of the efficacy of the urban renewal efforts. With the increased amount of visitors, the number of museums in Manchester is on the rise, with the subsequent impact of improving the outlook for the Greater Manchester Museum of Science and Industry (Law 2010, pp. 76). This is a direct result of the effectiveness of the policy in place. Manchester has successfully raised its profile to an international level that has the capacity to fuel the cities entire economic engine (Ritchie and Adair 2004, pp. 274). Forging trade alliances in several fundamental industries outside of the sport centred world served to broaden the Manchester business base, which in turn will balance the long term sustainability outlook for the cities programs. Currently, Manchester boasts ultra-modern constructs such as the Lowry Centre, which alongside the rapidly developing art and culture industries have evolved into a very credible, and well balanced economic environment (Di-Toro 2010, pp. 1). This is a very apt demonstration of the ability of a savvy electorate to forge a business environment that is perceived to be beneficial by the majority of the populace. This concerted and progressive policy implementation has vaulted Manchester to third in the most visited cities in the UK, following London and Edinburgh (Di-Toro 2010, pp. 1). Together with the foundation of sport centred tourism, Manchester is rapidly becoming a well-rounded destination that has an appeal to many separate social levels, thereby increasing the cities overall value in terms of urban tourism potential. Areas of Improvement The ambitious drive by Manchester to lift their economic outlook via the instrument of sport centred tourism has not been without its significant detractions (Ritchie and Adair 2004, pp. 274). With the most glaring error being the single minded approach to the marketing method, the availability of associated markets in Manchester has been deemed to be small as compared to other regions. As a consequence, there is not a strong central or primary community that will allocate the overall distribution of income (Ritchie and Adair 2004, pp. 274). As the sport industry continues to thrive without proper planning, there is the real potential for the other un-associated industries to flounder. Davies (2010, pp. 1238) argues that there needs to be a far greater development of the role of sport within the underlying infrastructure before implementing any long term planning. The often volatile nature of the field itself can hamper the successful proliferation of progressive policy, instead hampering the growth due to poor performance. The focus on the building of ‘Sportcity’ in Manchester, while producing an economic viability option, has taken over much of the city itself, irrevocably altering the face of the city forever (Berg, Braun, and Otgaar 2002, pp. 56). This fact has the potential to diminish the historical or creative aspects of the city’s tourism potential. The overall effort to instil a sense of long lasting progress will be reached through the development of a strategic plan that brings together the disparate elements of both the sport and tourism industries (Ritchie and Adair 2004, pp. 274). The arena of tourism is dominated by the area of commercialism, bringing the very real potential for the base interests of the commercial industries to begin to take precedence over the needs of the local population. The addition of the sport element, with its series of oversight mechanisms enables the creation of a credible system of checks and balances with the depth to take the city forwa rd into the next era. References Ashworth, G. and Page, S. 2010. Urban tourism research: Recent progress and current paradoxes. Tourism Management, 32 (1), pp. 1-15. Beioley, S. 2002. Metro land-The urban tourism market. Tourism Insights, 1 (1), pp. 1-3. Berg, L., Braun, E. and Otgaar, A. 2002. Sports and city marketing in European cities. Aldershot, Hampshire, England: Ashgate. pp. 1-125. Cook, I. and Ward, K. 2011. Trans-urban Networks of Learning, Mega Events and Policy Tourism. Sage Journals, 48 (12), pp. 2519-2535. Davies, L. 2010. Sport and economic regeneration: a winning combination?. Sport in Society, 13 (10), pp. 1438-1457. Di-Toro, M. 2010. Britain’s hip new tourist destinationsManchester, Glasgow, Birmingham and Liverpool. Visit Britain, 1 (1), pp. 1-3. Hughes, H. 2003. Marketing gay tourism in Manchester. Vacation Marketing, 9 (2), pp. 152-163. Law, C. 2002. Urban tourism. London: Continuum, pp. 1-200. Ritchie, B. and Adair, D. 2004. Sport tourism. Clevedon, England: Channel View Publications. pp. 1-300. Smith, A. 2013. The Development of â€Å"Sports-City† Zones and Their Potential Value as Tourism Resources for Urban Areas. European Planning Studies, 18 (3), pp. 385-410. Smith, A. 2013. REIMAGING THE CITY: The Value of Sport Initiatives. Annals of Tourism Research, 32 (1), pp. 217-236. Spirou, C. 2011. Urban tourism and urban change. New York: Routledge, p. 1-200. Tallon, A. 2010. Urban regeneration in the UK. London: Routledge, pp. 1-200. Weed, M. 2010. Sport, Tourism and Image. Journal of Sport Tourism, 15 (3), pp. 187-189. How to cite Sport Tourism in Manchester, United Kingdom, Essay examples

Research Program Accounting Information Systems

Question: Discuss about the Research Program for Accounting Information Systems. Answer: Introduction Summarization is the primary function of an AIS. As per Sealehi, 2011, its a mechanism that performs following tasks: Gathering data, Processing, Segmenting and Preparing reports All of these tasks that it performs are with the objective to offer segregated and proper information for any financial events. These compiled data can be stored and used to analyze by all the stakeholders. Apart from these it also keeps records of inventory and presents daily as well as weekly financial reports. This study illustrates the fact that incorporating AIS has several advantages like reduction of cost of production, improved productivity, enhanced performance, multitasking ability, better flexibility, better work flow, better quality of work and better integration of suppliers. Apart from these are several other advantages AIS carries which makes it very unique opportunity and beneficial for an organization to utilize this. Name of the Company 1: Disk4U Disk4U specializes in selling CDs and vinyl records. They have four different outlets around Sydney. Currently they find their consumers through their brick and mortar shops as well as through phones emails. Most of their business used to happen through these only. But, recently they have also entered into online selling through e commerce sites. This has helped them increase their sells but has also presented them with a situation where they are now finding it difficult to manage their accounts apart from managing other operations of the business. They used to do all of these tasks manually as they have limited sales and contact points with their consumers but with the current scenario manual work is causing them lots of repeated works and there are lots many mistakes/errors happening now. To effectively handle their accounting and other associated works they are now planning to implement ERP and AIS system. This will be the right course of action for them given their current state of expansion. This will also be a cost effective option which will fit into their budget. The AIS they have chosen is provided by QuickBooks, which is a well-known company in the area of AIA. The system that they are providing with is called Open Systems. This contains a comprehensive ERP software that is a fully-implemented system and is capable of doing all the tasked needed by them. AIS will help company with the following: Its a cost effective solution that is adaptable to the future alteration. It maintains the existing system of accounting used by the organization. For simplifying decision-making, it will provide collaborative dashboards Enhanced efficiency and productivity. According to the user necessities applications can be personalized feasibly. Preparing and conceptualizing the approach in which new opportunities will be capitalized. Personalized and robust reporting. Name of the Company 2 Sungate They operate in the domain of agri-business provide wild rice at large scale. In top seasons they have the capacity to produce around 80 tons/hour. Sungate foods have three plans at three different locations. These are basically their different facilities for different purposes. All of their operational facilities are located in Australia. They have very large employee base due to the large scale of their manufacturing facilities. Their products are sold domestically as well as internationally. Currently, Sungate foods are facing some issues that are affecting their operations as well as their business and it keeps them from reaching their full strength. First and main issue is their current system of manual recording of their every transaction and every order. Due to having various internal departments these operations are repeated over 10 times which consumes lots of their time and is also prone to errors. Their staffs are completely burdened with the tasks of preparing business a nd financial reports, which they have to prepare every week. Many are times due to the time taking process of preparing reports they take lots of decisions without proper report with half knowledge. There are also lots of internal confusion and inadequate data. At times, their inventory is very high as the concerned department dont have up to data due to incomplete records. Company is in dire need of a system that will help them automate their transactions and should have in-built error checking functions. This should also help them prepare business and financial reports faster. Basically, they need a system that can help them create faster reports that will be easy to use by the administrators. Due to the fact that their operations are spread over three different locations, the system should also be collaborative and should be able to be simultaneously operated across locations. Advantages of a AIS- Accounting Information System: There are many advantages that AIS can provide to the organization. Some of the advantages are: More Accurate Information Once AIS is fully integrated, it will provide the organization accurate and additional information for their decision making at their fingertips. This will minimize and to a larger extent obliterate the errors from their system. The information provided by them can be accessed by all stakeholdersand will be error free. Improved Cash Flow Managing the cash-flow for a company as large as Sungate foods is a very critical exercise. Cash is very essential for any business. Accounts receivable and payable, integrated billing, and inventory lets the user handle all the cash flow, easily and effectively. Better Decision-making ability AIS offers much better decision making capabilities and with real data available all the time it helps company in this regards. Foundation for Growth AIS implementation can help the company in its long term growth. It helps business grow multifold and hence the company. For their growth it also offers them different types of business intelligence and information required. More Control The integrated AIS helps in real-time user-friendliness access to the companys information about its finances. This also offers better control and the capability to more effectively handle the business components. QuickBooks - Suggested AIS for Disk4U For the issues that Disk4U is facing, QuickBooks will be the most suitable platform for them to adopt. There are many reasons for this. For example, QuickBooks is Intuit Inc.s product. They are a much respected and already established company in the field of software with specializing in developing financial and tax related products. They have their customers as individuals as well as small enterprises and businesses. Their other successful software is Quicken, TurboTax and Mint. Other big reason in QuickBooks favor is that it provides specialized modules for the purpose of retail businesses. For a retail business like Disk4U, it provides many helpful features like a customized workflow to suit their business. Some of the key features of QuickBooks are as follows. These will be very beneficial for accounting operations of Disk4U: Accounts Receivable: QuickBooks can easily handle credit and collection tasks with minimum intervention from employees. This is because of the automated features for the general ledger, the account payable, the accounts receivable etc. With its help every aspect of Sales and the receivables can be tracked in an efficient and timely manner. These timely and vital information can then be used to better the existing system for inflow cash and in turn making effective most of the trends for sales. This system will also be capable to track the sales pattern accurately and identify the high paying customers thus be able to forecast the sales patterns. With its help they can also assess their discounting plans and at the same time also spot early any delinquent accounts. Accounts Payable: Just like the accounts receivable, accounts payable function also has many features for automation. With its help the accountant can prioritize in real time their vendor based payments determine the right time for payment. An optimal cash flow can be worked out by understanding the vendors who offer the most/high discounts. General ledger: It is a very important part of any accounting system. The system QuickBooks helps automate various aspect of a general reporting. Automation is possible as entries from all applications are auto captured in their general ledger. Accounting - In QuickBooks, the accounting modules 3 most prominent part are listed below. While core accounting feature are important for Disk4U for their accounting information. They also need user friend and advanced features like pricing, advance inventory tracking, reporting etc. Listed below are the other features that QuickBooks provides to their user organizations: Reporting: QuickBooks makes reporting much faster and simpler. This is achieved with the help of automated elements in the report which is auto filled for the retailer. They also have an advanced reporting feature that is capable of handling 1k plus lines of items complete report generation can be automated. Creative and interactive reports can also be. QuickBooks provide end results which are a detailed report with all the relevant and evaluated data. These reports are best organized are displayed as per the specific industry that here is retail industry. Inventory: With the help of QuickBooks it would be very easy for the employees of Disk4U to view and analyze the inventory and make adjustment with the inventory. They are also helped with its very capable auto troubleshooting processes. For any company in retail filed it is very important for them to under and understand when the stock of any particular SKU is low and when is the delivery date for the same. It also helps them decide on the adequate quantity of the purchase to be made. With the help of QuickBook all SKUs stock can be seen in a snapshot and advanced reports can be generated for stock status. It also has alerts system that is auto activated whenever stock for any particular inventory is below the requisite level. This helps the concerned department take appropriate action before it can affect their day to day operations. With the help of this feature, chances of overstocking are also minimized. Inventory tracking is done with the help of serial numbers and bar codes. F or these works it has in-built scanning capabilities. Pricing: With the help of QuickBooks pricing can also be automated. This is a great function for any retail business considering the huge nos. of SKU that they need to maintain. User can enter multiple different price rules with different combinations basis the items, customers, vendors etc. Conditional rules can also be applied that can automatically recalculate the price in case of any discounts whenever needed. Payroll: For any company employees are probably the most important part. A significant chunk of the expense goes towards employees remunerations. Hence, it is important that these are managed and accounted properly and effectively. Payroll accounting is another important requirement for any AIS. QuickBooks helps prepare automated calculation of various time sheets designed for multi employees. These can be done in a single batch thus it makes it easy to understand and record the working hours and days for each employee. Apart from this, information on any employees like overtime hours, PF fund, tax liabilities etc. can also be pulled easily and quickly. Other main features and advantages pertaining to retail business are: Customized and automated pricing as previously mentioned. Specific chart for each key account can be easily prepared and can also be customized. This is one of the quicker and easier ways of preparing and maintaining an account statement specially for retail business. Advanced reporting as per the retail industry Integration of sale terminals with the retail store. Also integration of sales through eBay within QuickBooks. This lets accountants automate the import of the sales figure for every voucher generated for their sales. Its ability to effectively generate massive data to understand the key business insights like if customer base growing, average order tickets growing, vendor list growing etc.? Or which SKU is selling best currently or its past few month sales trends. Seamless inventory management within the AIS. Online Accounting System Xero - Proposed AIS for Sungate Xero is a popular online system for accounting that provides an accounting platform to relatively small companies, like Sungate, for managing their accounting requirements with least expense and without really affecting its main business. Key advantage of Xero is that it provides secure, easy to learn, and small but adequate accounting medium to the smaller companies to manage their business and their customers. Xero ensures that every piece of data of the company is recorded and taken care of for the management to make an informed decision basis these data analyses. As explained in the case study above, the company have their employees and inventory across the location. And, to manage these an inventory management system is their urgent requirement. Mentioned below are some of the key features of Xero- online accounting system: Easy-to-use - This software can be learned very easily by anyone who has the basic computer operating knowledge. And, then with just few clicks user will be able to generate reports for their as well as companys requirements. Online invoicing With the help of Xero, invoices can be produced from across the locations and then can be emailed to the relevant party. All financial transactions can also be recorded and maintained in real-time. No manual data entry With the help of Xero data can be picked up from the data bank and can be fed into the system automatically with minimal manual intervention. This also minimizes chances of error. Some of the main features of Xero are mentioned below. These features make it a right solution for Sungates accounting operations: Business operation automation One of the main tasks for Sungate is monitoring their expenses. When expenses are fed in Xero by user, it can be filtered and organized in various different categories as per the requirements. This feature of Xero will help Sungate to understand where expensed can be reduced to improve their profitability. It can also help them setting up the bank rules for them. Here, user select a field and put them into its business rules to help generate and classify data as well as reports. Xero also lets users to match the pre-generated bills along with the expenses for any discrepancy. For example, if a customer makes a purchase at any location then Xero will automatically match this with the report from bank expense. Report generation Complete set of data is stored over the cloud in Xero. This feature lets businesses, their advisors, their related partners and all stakeholders to retrieve data any time and get reports as well to make informed decisions at much faster pace than what it would be in the manual process. This will assist the owners sun gate to identify every opportunities or any extra expenses that is being done due to geographical differences. Early generation of reports also allows company to prepare reports or budgets sheets that can also be shared with other team members or teams for their inputs. Users can also access any report online through its Zero Report Center. It also organizes reports into groups which allow management of Sungate to find the specific report related to their particular requirement like financial position, tax, payroll, business performance. Apart from this, Xero can also generate customized reports as per the requirement with more options. It thus provide s more flexibility and precise reports to the owners.They can also save the report as per the inbuilt templates. Always, all the reports and data are present at its centralized place. Inventory management Due to having its facility at multi locations Sungate company finds it very difficult to monitor and manage its inventory. Inventory management feature of Xero is one of the best in industry. It provides very easy means to auto update inventory and also its inventory management feature is easy to learn. This will let Sungate to track real-time the quantity as well as value of the items that is being ordered as well as sold. Company will able to update their inventory in real time. With this system they will have the knowledge of their updated and current inventory. Apart from this, its inventory reporting helps small businesses make their reports and decisions by displaying remaining items that needs to be sold and the profits that can be generated. Cloud As the company Sungate functions from their different locations instead of operating from a single system, their users operates and updates system from multi locations. They feed and retrieve information simultaneously through different locations. Their data is spread over many computers at different locations. Therefore, to maintain datas consistency, every data is stored over the cloud. Relevant stakeholders can easily access data to study it. Their staff can easily generate and send invoices from any of the locations. And also generates reports anywhere. References Carrington, A., Battersby, G. and Howitt, G. (1975).Accounting, an information system. Christchurch: Whitcombe and Tombs. Hall, J. (2004).Accounting information systems. Mason, OH: Thomson/South-Western. Biafore, B. (2010).QuickBooks 2010. Beijing: Pogue Press/O'Reilly. Ivens, K. (2009).Running QuickBooks 2010 premier editions. Philadelphia, Pa.: CPA911 Pub. Ivens, K. (2010).Running Quickbooks 2011 Premier editions. Philadelphia, Pa.: CPA911 Pub. Marginson, D., King, M. and Mcaulay, L. (2000). Executives' use of information technology: comparison of electronic mail and an accounting information system.J Inf Technol, 15(2), pp.149-164. Nelson, S. (2005).QuickBooks 2005 for dummies. Hoboken, N.J.: Wiley. Nelson, S. (2007).Quickbooks 2007 all-in-one desk references for dummies. Hoboken, NJ: Wiley. O'Shea, J. (2011).QuickBooks 2010. [Fairport, NY]: Axzo Press. University of Gothenburg, (2012).Research Program - Accounting Information Systems. [online] Available at: https://www.gu.se/digitalAssets/1362/1362778_research-programme-ais.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2016]. Xero, (2012).Reviewers Guide. [online] Available at: https://www.xero.com/media/4681900/reviewers-guide-us-version.pdf [Accessed 19 Jan. 2016].

Roseanne Becomes A Role Model Essays - Television, Series, Roseanne

Roseanne Becomes A Role Model Roseanne Becomes A Role Model It's eight o'clock in the evening, I have settled down on the couch to watch some primetime television. As I flip through the channels I realize how superficial and unrealistic the actresses truly are. I also began to notice one common thread between all of the women portrayed on television; most look like they just got done with a photo shoot for Cosmopolitan or Playboy. The men portrayed seem to be a little more realistic and down to earth. This brought out a startling realization that men can be just the guys next door; while women need to be drop dead gorgeous. The ?Roseanne? sitcom is the only show that I can think of that didn't fit these generalizations. When looking back at what I gained from watching ?Roseanne,? the television sitcom from the late eighties, I see a woman who wasn't afraid to tell the world, ?World, this is who I am. Deal with it!? I really feel Roseanne lived by this motto. She was over-weight boisterous, sometimes downright obnoxious person, but she always seemed to have her heart in the right place. She was a positive role model to many, encouraging many women to show off to society who they really are, giving us a sense of inner-beauty for a change. American women did not have to compete with her, only themselves. Nobody started over-eating to look like Roseanne (nor really wanted to), but she inspired many to believe that it is all right to be over-weight. In fact, Roseanne and people with weight management problems make up approximately sixty percent of the U.S. population; try finding that percentage of lead roles on television that are women. Only thin women land roles as television leads on sitcoms, and seeing an over-weight woman the star of a sitcom up until the eighties was just unheard of. Roseanne broke into the nineties with ratings higher than ever. She not only broke the social norm but also gained tremendous momentum for others to follow in her footsteps, the only problem no one has followed yet. As the series came to a grinding halt in 1995 (after a year of terrible script writing), it would have appeared to be a perfect time for series creators to follow Roseanne's traits and do a spin-off. Nobody followed and society is still waiting. An over-weight teen may be a simple answer for the role model we are expecting in sitcoms. Roseanne has proven it's all right to be an over-weight middle-aged woman, but girls in their teenage years need role models more than anyone else at any other age. Teens are the ones prone to eating disorders such as bulimia and anorexia usually inspired by the way sitcoms portray their images at their age. American women of all ages need to take a stance on the images that are being portrayed on television. America needs more Roseanne's out there to come forward and tell the television writers and creators that American women represent the majority of the population, and they want to see more shows that they can relate to. Granted, television has made some headway with shows such as the ?Drew Carey Show.? This show depicts an over-weight star, Drew Carey, a balding, middle-aged man whom most would consider a loser. Although Drew is a man whom many males can relate to, male role models are less in need. The Drew Carey Show unfortunately depicts the usual role for an over-weight female character named ?Mimi.? She's downright mean and unlikable to many, stirring countless hours of laughter by insensitive males stemmed at her looks. The writers dress Mimi up in clothes that would be suitable for only a clown at a carnival, thus demising any attempt women have of seeing her as a true three-dimensional character. This has once diminished any small chance of over-weight women seeing the true Hollywood stardom Roseanne was able to attain simply by showing who she really was. Teenaged girls watch countless hours of sitcoms, MTV, and read plenty of magazines directed at ?how to present oneself as the norm in society.? If we in society can take a stance and try to make some headway

Learn How Animals Are Classified

Learn How Animals Are Classified For centuries, the practice of naming and classifying living organisms into groups has been an integral part of the study of nature.  Aristotle (384BC-322BC) developed the first known method of classifying organisms, grouping organisms by their means of transport such as air, land, and water. A number of other naturalists followed with other classification systems. But it was Swedish botanist, Carolus (Carl) Linnaeus (1707-1778) that is considered to be the pioneer of modern taxonomy. In his book Systema Naturae, first published in 1735, Carl Linnaeus introduced a rather clever way to classify and name organisms. This system, now referred to as Linnaean taxonomy, has been used to varying extents, ever since. About Linnaean Taxonomy Linnaean taxonomy categorizes organisms into a hierarchy of kingdoms, classes, orders, families, genera, and species based on shared physical characteristics. The category of phylum was added to the classification scheme later, as a hierarchical level just beneath kingdom. Groups at the top of the hierarchy (kingdom, phylum, class) are more broad in definition and contain a greater number of organisms than the more specific groups that are lower in the hierarchy (families, genera, species). By assigning each group of organisms to a kingdom, phylum, class, family, genus, and species, they can then be uniquely characterized. Their membership in a group tells us about the traits they share with other members of the group, or the traits that make them unique when compared to organisms in groups to which they do not belong. Many scientists still use the Linnaean classification system to some extent today, but it is no longer the only method for grouping and characterizing organisms. Scientists now have many different ways of identifying organisms and describing how they relate to each other. To best understand the science of classification, it will help to first examine a few basic terms: classification - the systematic grouping and naming of organisms based on shared structural similarities, functional similarities, or evolutionary historytaxonomy - the science of classifying organisms (describing, naming, and categorizing organisms)systematics - the study of the diversity of life and the relationships between organisms Types of Classification Systems With an understanding of classification, taxonomy, and systematics, we can now examine the different types of classifications systems that are available. For instance, you can classify organisms according to their structure, placing organisms that look similar in the same group. Alternatively, you can classify organisms according to their evolutionary history, placing organisms that have a shared ancestry in the same group. These two approaches are referred to as phenetics and cladistics and are defined as follows: phenetics  - a method of classifying organisms that is based on their overall similarity in physical characteristics or other observable traits (it does not take phylogeny into account)cladistics  - a method of analysis (genetic analysis, biochemical analysis, morphological analysis) that determines relationships between organisms that are based solely on their evolutionary history In general, Linnaean taxonomy uses  phenetics  to classify organisms. This means it relies on physical characteristics or other observable traits to classify organisms and does consider the evolutionary history of those organisms. But keep in mind that similar physical characteristics are often the product of shared evolutionary history, so Linnaean taxonomy (or phenetics) sometimes reflects the evolutionary background of a group of organisms. Cladistics  (also called phylogenetics or phylogenetic systematics) looks to the evolutionary history of organisms to form the underlying framework for their classification. Cladistics, therefore, differs from phenetics in that it is based on  phylogeny  (the evolutionary history of a group or lineage), not on the observation of physical similarities. Cladograms When characterizing the evolutionary history of a group of organisms, scientists develop tree-like diagrams called cladograms. These diagrams consist of a series of branches and leaves that represent the evolution of groups of organisms through time. When a group splits into two groups, the cladogram displays a node, after which the branch then proceeds in different directions. Organisms are located as leaves (at the ends of the branches).   Biological Classification Biological classification is in a continual state of flux. As our knowledge of organisms expands, we gain a better understanding of the similarities and differences among various groups of organisms. In turn, those similarities and differences shape how we assign animals to the various groups (taxa). taxon  (pl. taxa) - taxonomic unit, a group of organisms that has been named Factors That Shaped High-Order Taxonomy The invention of the microscope in the mid-sixteenth century revealed a minute world filled with countless new organisms that had previously escaped classification because they were too tiny to see with the naked eye. Throughout the past century, rapid advances in evolution and genetics (as well as a host of related fields such as cell biology, molecular biology, molecular genetics, and biochemistry, to name just a few) constantly reshape our understanding of how organisms relate to one another and shed new light on previous classifications. Science is constantly reorganizing the branches and leaves of the tree of life. The vast changes to a classification that have occurred throughout the history of taxonomy can best be understood by examining how the highest level taxa (domain, kingdom, phylum) have changed throughout history. The history of taxonomy stretches back to the 4th century BC, to the times of Aristotle and before. Since the first classification systems emerged, dividing the world of life into various groups with various relationships, scientists have grappled with the task of keeping classification in sync with scientific evidence. The sections that follow provide a summary of the changes that have taken place at the highest level of biological classification over the history of taxonomy. Two Kingdoms (Aristotle, during 4th century BC) Classification system based on:  Observation (phenetics) Aristotle was among the first to document the division of life forms into animals and plants. Aristotle classified animals according to observation, for example, he defined high-level groups of animals by whether or not they had red blood (this roughly reflects the division between vertebrates and invertebrates used today). Plantae  - plantsAnimalia  - animals Three Kingdoms (Ernst Haeckel, 1894) Classification system based on:  Observation (phenetics) The three kingdom system, introduced by Ernst Haeckel in 1894, reflected the long-standing two kingdoms (Plantae and Animalia) that can be attributed to Aristotle (perhaps before) and added third kingdom, Protista that included single-celled eukaryotes and bacteria (prokaryotes). Plantae  - plants (mostly autotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes, reproduction by spores)Animalia  - animals (heterotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes)Protista  - single-celled eukaryotes and bacteria (prokaryotes) Four Kingdoms (Herbert Copeland, 1956) Classification system based on:  Observation (phenetics) The important change introduced by this classification scheme was the introduction of the Kingdom Bacteria. This reflected the growing understanding that bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes) were very much different from single-celled eukaryotes. Previously, single-celled eukaryotes and bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes) were grouped together in the Kingdom Protista. But Copeland elevated Haeckels two Protista phyla to the level of kingdom. Plantae  - plants (mostly autotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes, reproduction by spores)Animalia  - animals (heterotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes)Protista  - single-celled eukaryotes (lack tissues or extensive cellular differentiation)Bacteria  - bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes) Five Kingdoms (Robert Whittaker, 1959) Classification system based on:  Observation (phenetics) Robert Whittakers 1959 classification scheme added the fifth kingdom to Copelands four kingdoms, the Kingdom Fungi (single and multi-cellular osmotrophic eukaryotes) Plantae  - plants (mostly autotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes, reproduction by spores)Animalia  - animals (heterotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes)Protista  - single-celled eukaryotes (lack tissues or extensive cellular differentiation)Monera  - bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes)Fungi  (single and multi-cellular osmotrophic eukaryotes) Six Kingdoms (Carl Woese, 1977) Classification system based on:  Evolution and molecular genetics (Cladistics/Phylogeny) In 1977, Carl Woese extended Robert Whittakers Five Kingdoms to replace Kingdom bacteria with two kingdoms, Eubacteria and Archaebacteria. Archaebacteria differ from Eubacteria in their genetic transcription and translation processes (in Archaebacteria, transcription, and translation more closely resembled eukaryotes). These distinguishing characteristics were shown by molecular genetic analysis. Plantae  - plants (mostly autotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes, reproduction by spores)Animalia  - animals (heterotrophic, multi-cellular eukaryotes)Eubacteria  - bacteria (single-celled prokaryotes)Archaebacteria  - prokaryotes (differ from bacteria in their genetic transcription and translation, more similar to eukaryotes)Protista  - single-celled eukaryotes (lack tissues or extensive cellular differentiation)Fungi  - single and multi-cellular osmotrophic eukaryotes Three Domains (Carl Woese, 1990) Classification system based on:  Evolution and molecular genetics (Cladistics/Phylogeny) In 1990, Carl Woese put forth a classification scheme that greatly overhauled previous classification schemes. The three-domain system he proposed is based on molecular biology studies and resulted in the placement of organisms into three domains. BacteriaArchaeaEukarya

Transformational Leadership style Research Paper

Transformational Leadership style - Research Paper Example People love working for businesses where they feel motivated and greatly inspired. A transformational leader is always inspiring, energetic, enthusiastic and passionate person who can influence the followers to change their perceptions, expectations and ultimately motivate them to work towards a common goal. This article analyses some of the transformational leadership styles evident in Starbucks’ CEO Howard Schultz. Schultz has learnt the art of transformational leadership which has really steered his business to a higher level in the recent past. According to Schultz, leadership is more than just winning or becoming triumphant but it is a continuation process which involves a number of people working towards achieving a common goal. He thinks that celebrating everyone in a company is a vital thing regardless of the position held in the business. Schultz further things that shared success is very important and that businesses requires team spirit that is highly inspired. Schu ltz believes that business itself is a team that requires highly motivated team spirit to catapult it to success. Inspiring employees is one thing that Howard believes in as it motivates them to share the company’s common goal (Bussing-Burks 76-83). ... The company gives modest paychecks, healthcare packages and stock options to her employees as a way of motivating them. He feels that by offering such kind of benefits that also involve career counseling ties the employees into the business and further creates the sense of belonging. Schultz believes that people are motivated to work even harder because they are part of the results of the company (Burke, Graeme and Cooper 183-185). Additionally, the Starbuck CEO treats his employees as one family thus prompting them to give their all to the company. Treating workforce like a family is a tool of maintaining loyalty amongst employees thus reducing even turnover rate. The warm and family treatment initiated by Schultz is one of the reasons most customers also remain loyal to the retail company due to hospitable treatment by employees. The culture is so much engrained in the company that the company does not call their workforce employees but as partners. He further provides training, le arning and some acknowledgment packages such as coffee education and learning to lead as a way of building confidence amongst the partners and boosting degree of attachment (Strauss 162-163). Schultz also gives hear to his partners’ needs and continuously consulting them and carefully receiving feedback relating to the company’s vision. He takes his time to communicate with employees via phone calls or sending emails enquiring about feedbacks of what the organization offers as well as seeking advice. What Starbuck CEO has successfully done is to communicate his vision so well that it sticks in the mind of all the partners as well as asking for their feedbacks and understanding of the vision (Cassidy & Kreitner 30-31). He further passionately

To Immunize or Not to Immunize Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words - 1

To Immunize or Not to Immunize - Essay Example Although it is unclear whether or not the potential for this particular strain to jump species and be exhibited within the human population is unclear, the extraordinarily high risk that this particular strain of avian flu poses encourages all individuals within society to appreciate the gravity of the situation and engage with a drastic and radical vaccination program as a means of ameliorating just such a risk. It should be reiterated at this particular juncture that even though the potential for this particular strain to jump species is unknown, the inherent risk that it represents is enough to warrant drastic action on the part of medical help professionals and government actors that would be able to make available the existing public funding that could help to provide enough vaccination doses to vaccinate the entire United States population. Besides the issue of cost, individuals that opposed such a vaccination program would invariably point to the fact that prior vaccination programs were able to effectively ameliorate potential damages to society merely by vaccinating the very young and very old (Ritvo et al., 2013). Although this particular approach has been effective with respect to H1N1 and other strains of avian flu in the past, such a limited approach does not come anywhere close to addressing the broad and categorical dangers that had been alluded to above; at least to the extent that the 100% mortality rate for birds could easily translate into an extraordinarily high mortality rate within humans. Ultimately, the issue at hand is one of risk. The risk of not inoculating the entire population is one that society can ill afford (Johnson et al., 2014). Additionally, even in the eventuality that a high percentage of individuals were inoculated, those that were not still incur high health care costs and place inordi nate strain upon the system as

Effect of Expansion Monetary Policy on Income Levels

Effect of Expansion Monetary Policy on Income Levels As the consequence of recession in 2008, most of the central banks in the world became more and more worried that the traditional instrument of monetary policy-controlling interest rate was insufficient to stimulate the demand (Sloman and Wride, 2012, pp. 618). The alternative of monetary policy considered was to increase the money supply, which is also known as quantitative easing. This process would be predicted to have numerous complex effects on both goods and financial markets. In order to generalize and examine the specific influences of the monetary policy on the interest rate and real output (or national income), John Hicks (1937) had developed his simple model, the IS-LM, by taking both markets into account simultaneously. The intersection of the IS and the LM curves (or IS-LM) is a general equilibrium in the goods and financial markets. According to Gregory Mankiw (2012), the IS-LM model is an excellent interpretation to analyse any changes in the level of income when the p rice is unchanged in the short-run. Therefore, this essay is written on purpose of illustrating and explaining deeply how the money supply is working and also points out some circumstances in which this process cannot affect the level of income based on the IS-LM framework.     Ã‚   The IS-LM model is a macroeconomic tool that interprets the link between the interest rate and the real level of income in the goods and financial market (Robert Gordon, 2009). In the goods market, the IS curve is derived from the Keynesian injection and withdrawals model. From the four-quadrant diagram 1 that at the level of income Y in the 1stquadrant, there is a specific investment I in the 2ndquadrant. As for simplicity, it is assumed that the investment I is only injection and savings S is only leakage so that the equilibrium is in position I=S. At I level of investment, the interest rate is set at r in the 3rdquadrant, and the first point on the IS curve is at level Y of income and r of interest rate. Since the interest rate decreases up to r1 in the 3rdquadrant, investment will increase to I1 and savings will rise to S1 in the 2ndquadrant. The increasing level of saving shows the higher level of income at Y1, so the second point of the IS curve is defined at Y1 national income and r1 of interest rate in the 4thquadrant. Connecting two points in the 4thquadrant, the IS curve is derived with the downward sloping. Similarly, the LM curve in the money market is concerned with the combination of the interest rate (r) and the level of income (Y), where demand for money (L) is equal to the supply (Ms). From diagram 2, the LM curve is derived in which a rise in national income from Y to Y1 in the first quadrant will encourage people more transaction demand for money from TD to TD1 and less on speculative ones such as government bonds so the AD reduces to AD1 in the 2ndquadrant. The decreasing demand for bonds will cause their price to fall, which will then lead to an increase in the interest rate from r to r1 in the 3rdquadrant. Thus, the level of income rises, the interest rate rises as well, and the LM curve is described as an upward sloping curve in the 4thquadrant. Taking both the IS and LM curves in the same diagram, the equilibrium of the IS-LM model is known as r interest rate and Y level of income. There is an assumption with the IS-LM model that the price is fixed, therefore, the changes in the money supply will influence the level of income. In particular, it will result in a fall of interest rate, and, eventually, the growth of national income. Firstly, the effect of the money supply on an increase in the level of income can be explained by the transmission mechanism of asset purchase. In fact, the money supply involves an aggressive version of open-market operations, where the central bank purchases the range of assets from the commercial banks or financial institutions, such as long-term government bonds (Sloman and Wride, 2012, pp. 619). The purpose is to pump large amounts of additional money into the financial market to stimulate the demand and increase the broad money through the process of credit creation. The increase in the money supply is, therefore, illustrated by the shift outward from Ms1 to Ms2 as well as LM1 to LM2 in diagram 3. Because of assets purchase, there is a rise of demand for bonds in the market, which shows AD1 increasing to AD2 and then the bonds prices are beginning to go up, making them more expensive to buy (BBC, 2013). Thus, this will depreciate interest rate from r1 to r3 in the 3rdquadrant and lead to a new equilibrium in LM2 as point B, where the national income is Y1 and the interest rate is r3 in the 4thquadrant. In theory, the fall in interest rate will stimulate investment and consumption because of lower returns and savings, respectively, which, thus, rises in the injection. In the Keynesian income-expenditure model, any changes in injection will reflect a national income change, too. Finally, the level of income, in this case, will be boosted from Y1 to Y3 because of increasing investment. Afterward, it is clear from the 4thquadrant diagram that the market is not in equilibrium (LM#IS), and hence, both markets should be automatically adjusted to gain the new equilibrium of point C. Because of the increase in national income at Y3, people are willing to increase their consumption and broad money to pay for these. It also means that they will demand more money. However, there will be an excess of demand for money because people prefer to consume at Y3 while the liquidity preference is only available at lower level of Y1. When the demand for money is higher, it will lead to higher interest rates, too. Indeed, the excess of demand can be only eliminated by an increase in interest rate from r3 to r2, which then results in less investments as well as a fall in injection. The decrease in injection shows a reduction in the level of income from Y3 to Y2 ­. Here, the market reaches the equilibrium as point C in which the interest remains r2 and the national income is Y2. Conse quently, the rise in the money supply will cause a fall in interest rate and an increase in the level of income. However, there are some arguments in which the effect of monetary policy might be determined by some factors. For example, Keynesians figure out that the monetary policy will not work effectively on the level of income. In other words, the money supply cannot increase the national income because of animal spirit and liquidity trap. The first situation is illustrated as the IS curve is vertical. This case is known as an animal spirit which refers to the importance of instincts, proclivities and emotions in human behaviours on future decisions, and can be measured in terms of consumer and business confidence (John Maynard Keynes, 1936). Keynesians argue that the IS curve is likely to be inelastic because the investment and savings are mainly determined by factors such as an animal spirit rather than changes of interest rate. The lack of sensitiveness of investment leads to no changes in the level of income, even when the interest rate is falling. From diagram 4, the IS curve is extremely inelastic (or vertical). Since an expansionary monetary policy applied, the money supply increases, which also means the LM curve is shifting outward from LM1 to LM2. To eliminate this excess of money, the theory of liquidity preference says that the interest rate has to fall, and hence, interest rate decreases from r1 to r2 (Begg and Vernasca, 2011). By contrast, the reduction in interest rate cannot stimulate investments as the theory in diagram 1, because investors are currently unconfident and pessimistic on the future business prospects, they are not willing to invest even a fall in interest rate. Thus, the injection and level of income cannot be affected and remained at point Y as no changes of investment. In a summary, Keynesian suggested that the human behaviours do play a vital role in the effectiveness of monetary policy. Furthermore, it is one of the elements causing liquidity trap that is an issue of the current economy after the recession in 2008. In fact, the central bank had decreased interest rates from 5% in 2008 to 0.5% in 2009, and remained at that level to date. However, the economic growth was still in a recession, and the unemployment was growing because the confidence of both businesses and consumers was severely depressed in 2011 (BBC, 2014). Furthermore, the second circumstance is believed as the extreme effect of monetary policy (Economics Help, 2009). It shows that when the market operates in the case of a liquidity trap, the monetary policy cannot affect the level of income because it is ineffective in changing the interest rate. Generally, a liquidity trap is a situation in which people are likely to hoard cash rather than non-liquidity assets since they feel afraid of an adverse event, such as deflation, insufficient aggregate demand, or war that are expected in the future. A common characteristic of a liquidity trap is defined as the interest rate being close to zero or even zero percent (0%), and people are unwilling to forego the benefits of holding cash by investing in bonds (Krugman Paul, 2008). According to Krugman Paul (2008), when the monetary policy is carried out through the open market of asset purchase, there will be an injection of broad money into the private bank system since the commercial banks are selling bonds in order to get new money (BBC, 2013). However, the process of the money supply fails to decrease the interest rate which main purpose is to stimulate investment and consumption since the interest rate is at its lowest in the liquidity trap. Moreover, bonds will pay little or no interest at this period, meaning that bonds are nearly equivalent to cash. When people may not gain higher returns from bonds, they do not want to purchase bonds, therefore, any attempt by an expansionary monetary policy to encourage people to hold non-l iquidity assets in the form of consumption will not be useful. Overall, the interest rate is unchanged so that it is unable to increase in investment, injection and, the level of income finally (Economics Help, 2012). From diagram 5, at the close-to-zero interest rate, the demand for money will become extremely elastic, meaning that the left part of the LM curve must be flat. Then, it is assumed that the market is working in a liquidity trap case so the equilibrium A lies on the horizontal line of the LM curve with the very low interest rate r and level of income Y (Paul Krugman, 1998). The monetary policy is implemented so that the vertical part of the LM curve shifts from LM1 to LM2. However, the IS are working in the horizontal part of LM, which shows that people feel either pessimistic or unconfident to spend at very low interest rate. Then, there is no movement along the IS curve following the change in the LM curve as well as in the money supply. The interest rate and national income are finally unchanged at r and Y. There are some empirical experiences of how the monetary policy was implemented in a period of a liquidity trap. In the case of the UK economy, the interest rate was cut to 0.5% in March 2009, as mentioned above. Helped by quantitative easing, there was a weak recovery in 2010. According to Michael Joyce (2011), the first round of quantitative easing by  £200bn from the central bank had helped to raise the annual economic growth between 1.5% and 2%. Conversely, the rate of UK economic growth was generally falling in 2011 and 2012, which is a good example of a liquidity trap period. In particular, it revealed that there was slow growth in 2012, and business and consumer confidence declined rapidly since firms and consumers were highly indebted and they decided to cut spending to pay down debt. Moreover, as they are expected an increase in interest rate, the price of government bonds fell, and hence, investors were willing to keep cash savings rather than bonds. Therefore, even thoug h the bank of England had injected  £275bn into the economy until 2012, there was still a majority of Monetary Policy Commitment (MPC) voting for  £50bn more quantitative easing in order to boost the demand (BBC, 2012). Although Keynesians supported fiscal policy as government spending is essential for a liquidity trap, the monetary policy was stated as an important role to save the economy from a credit-led depression (BBC, 2013). In conclusion, based on the IS-LM framework, the expansionary monetary policy, particularly in quantitative easing, has been described regarding its effect on increasing the level of income. On the other hand, the effectiveness of the policy depends on the slope of the IS and LM curves, as well as how much the money supply increases. For example, the flatter the IS curve, the steeper the LM, and when quantitative easing is bigger, the growth of the national income will be larger (Sloman and Wride, 2012). Additionally, there are two circumstances in which the monetary policy is failing to affect the level of income. Keynesians argued that since the animal spirit and liquidity trap were derived in the UK economy after the Great depression in 2008, the monetary policy of quantitative easing is ineffective. Once there, Paul Krugman (1998) had viewed the argument against the quantitative easing based on Japans experience in the 1990s: no matter how much the monetary base increase, as long as expectations are not affected it will simply be swap of one zero- interest asset for another, with no real effects. This argument implied that the central bank is unable to affect the broad monetary aggregate while the expectations still did not change.